Water as an essential element in the formation and perfection of Iranian urban space, has played a valuable role since the ancient times and some excellent examples survived from different periods, one of which is the Safavid period (1501-1736), that this thesis will focus. Water is inherent in the concepts, associated with all its properties and fluidity as one of the most important elements, and induces the ability to create a coherent combination in the dominant sense in the formation of well designed urban settlement sites. If urban space and water are combined carefully and creatively, the impacted aesthetic quality of this mixture will be indescribable and unlimited. Landscapes and interiors are designed with such architectural elements so as to provide the natural needs of the occupants as well as to create beautiful environments that could psychologically arouse a relaxed atmosphere or in another word, sense a feeling of a paradise, which was also a common topic of Iranian literature. Water as a source of life has a tremendous importance in ideology, cultures, and mythologies and its role has gone beyond functional role, as a symbol of purity, birth and beauty. In ancient Persia, water was a messenger of brightness and purity, and was worth much. Due to its logical and indigenous nature, Iranian urban space almost in all periods of its history, has always sought to use the facilities of environment and water in the best possible way, and also apart from the performance and physical needs, has always sought to introduce beauty and integrity of water for construction. Water has shown its spiritual role in Iranian urban space, so that the water flow is an abstract water representation in nature. Water in the gardens and the palaces brings streams, waterfronts, rivulets, pools and fountains, and each of these, represents the domination of human to nature. Water as a spiritual and holy element, as well as its role as a source of life, in the beliefs of the Persians before and after Islam, and always was the main factor in the displacement and shaping of the spaces, and especially the Iranian Safavid gardens. This aesthetic approach was also seen in contemporary architecture of Iran’s neighbor countries, mainly Ottoman Empire and Indian Mughal Empire. However, it goes back to Babylons in Mesopotamia and another far away country set up by the Ummayads in Spain, mainly the Cordoba palaces. In Iranian-Islamic urban spaces, the use of water in all important monumental buildings is seen indicatively and clearly.Therefore,theories related to the relationship of urban spaces and water, which is well expressed also in literature, will be explained from different sources in the case study selected from the well-known heritage of the Safavid era. The findings of the focused area will also be compared with other geographies, mainly Umayyed era, Spain and Mongol India, to understand the possible cultural exchanges. It is well known tact that ancient settlements started near water sources, and some of those had the chance to grow up into large cities that left their traces in world history. The areas that lacked enough water sources somehow found solutions to supply water to their settlements. Islamic regions gave more importance to water, particularly for its hygienic storage purposes and in time, water became an important concept in the urban planning. Within these context, this thesis will introduce the historical development of water related architecture of urban spaces, in Islamic countries and in particular Iran. However, this research will be limited to the Safavid era (1736-1501), and in particular to the Safavid capital city, Isfahan.