Modular steel buildings have gained significant attention in recent years due to their potential to offer efficient construction methods, improved performance, and enhanced sustainability in the built environment. Accordingly, this study aims to first perform a bibliometric analysis of current literature to identify key trends in the field, then discuss the existing findings in the literature, and finally conduct a critical sustainability assessment to place modular steel buildings within the context of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. It focuses on examining structural integrity, durability, and resistance to external forces, as well as evaluating the environmental impacts of modular construction compared to traditional building methods. The motivation behind this research comes from the increasing demand for sustainable construction practices, as well as the need for more efficient and cost-effective solutions in the construction industry. The findings of this study are expected to be of significant importance to both industry professionals and researchers, helping to drive further innovation in modular construction and support the adoption of more sustainable building practices.