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Recolector de Ciencia Abierta, RECOLECTA
Bachelor thesis . 2022
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Leishmaniasis visceral (Kala Azar), una enfermedad desatendida en Turkana (Kenia)

Authors: Jordá Martínez, Judith;

Leishmaniasis visceral (Kala Azar), una enfermedad desatendida en Turkana (Kenia)

Abstract

Introducción: La leishmaniasis visceral (LV), o enfermedad de Kala Azar, es la más grave de las cuatro formas que puede presentar la leishmaniasis, enfermedad transmitida por mosquitos del género Phlebotomus (mosca de la arena) que con la picadura inoculan un protozoo llamado Leishmania que va a parasitar diferentes células y tejidos humanos. El Kala Azar es la forma sistémica o visceral, y tiene una mortalidad del 95% si no es tratada. Kenia es uno de los 5 países de África oriental con mayor prevalencia. La carga global de esta enfermedad es desconocida puesto que la información acerca de la prevalencia y distribución de esta es insuficiente. Se trata de una de las seis Enfermedades Desatendidas declaradas por la OMS en 2015 para Turkana. El objetivo es el mejor conocimiento de la epidemiología de la enfermedad y la mejora de la capacidad diagnóstica del equipo local del hospital de Lodwar (LCRH) mediante la introducción de la PCR para detección del protozoo. Material y métodos: Durante la XVIII campaña de Cooperación Internacional de Cirugía en Turkana, a los pacientes con diagnóstico clínico y test rápido positivo de Kala-Azar se les tomó muestras de sangre y datos demográficos y clínicos. Posteriormente, se extrajo el ADN con distintos métodos para amplificación por PCR en tiempo real. Resultados: Hubo 28 casos y recogimos el mismo número de muestras clínicas de pacientes entre 1 y 79 años (media de 27 años). La fiebre, como síntoma de sospecha, se presentó en el 75% de los pacientes. Las muestras 21, 23, 27 y 29 resultaron PCR positiva (4/28, 14,3%). El 71,4% de los pacientes había comenzado con tratamiento anti-Leishmania en el momento de obtener la muestra. Discusión: La posibilidad de detección de Leishmania en muestras de sangre de individuos infectados, está muy condicionada por la instauración del tratamiento específico contra el protozoo. De este modo, la efectividad del método de PCR a tiempo real como sistema de confirmación para falsos positivos y pruebas rápidas dudosas, debe aplicarse antes de la instauración de tratamiento, y siempre lo más próximo posible al momento de diagnóstico de sospecha de la enfermedad.

Introduction: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), or Kala Azar disease, is the most serious of the four forms that leishmaniasis can present, a disease transmitted by mosquitoes of the genus Phlebotomus (sand fly) that with the bite inoculate a protozoan called Leishmania that will parasitize different human cells and tissues. Kala Azar is the systemic or visceral form, and has a mortality of 95% if left untreated. Kenya is one of the 5 eastern African countries with the highest prevalence. The overall burden of this disease is unknown since information about the prevalence and distribution of this disease is insufficient. It is one of six Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) declared by WHO in 2015 for Turkana. The aim of this study is to better understand the epidemiology of the disease and improve the diagnostic capacity of the local team of Lodwar Hospital (LCRH) by introducing PCR for protozoan detection. Material and methods: During the 18th International Cooperation Campaign of Cirugía en Turkana, we took samples of blood and demographic and clinical data from patients with clinical diagnosis and positive rapid test for Kala-Azar. Afterwards, the DNA was extracted with different methods for real-time PCR amplification. Results: There were 28 cases and we collected the same number of clinical samples from patients between 1 and 79 years (mean of 27 years). Fever, as a symptom of suspicion, occurred in 75% of patients. Samples number 21, 23, 27 and 29 were PCR positive (4/28, 14.3%). 71.4% of patients had started anti-Leishmania treatment in the moment of taking the sample. Discussion: The possibility of detection of Leishmania in blood samples from infected individuals is highly conditioned by the establishment of specific treatment against the protozoan. Thus, the effectiveness of the real-time PCR method as a confirmation system for false positives and doubtful rapid tests should be applied before the establishment of the treatment, and always as close as possible to the moment of suspecting the disease.

Keywords

Leishmania, PCR, Diagnóstico, Tratamiento, CDU::6 - Ciencias aplicadas::61 - Medicina, Turkana

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
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