Moldova
Moldova
Moldova has suffered over the last two decades from rising poverty, territorial secession, armed conflict, and the spillover effects of a regional financial crisis, with declining population size and life expectancy, and an economy approximately one-half of what it was in 1990. The return of the Moldovan Communist Party (PCRM), which won two major elections after 2001, contributed to increasing centralization of governmental authority along with a reform agenda that emphasized greater state control over the economy, fiscal support to state enterprises and collective farms, land consolidation, economic protectionism, and the tolerance of monopolies in industry and energy. At the same time, the government has increased social expenditures, and taken major steps to improve public financial management. Bank engagement was moderately effective at the country and project levels, and substantially effective at the sector level. There was progress in several aspects of public financial management (PFM). Regulatory streamlining has reduced costs to business, although resistance to civil service reform has left much work to be done. The Bank has also helped achieve progress on Governance and Anticorruption (GAC) issues in primary education, roads, and private sector development. Education progress is highly uneven across regions, for example, overweight trucks continue to tear up roads, and private investment is not enough to make a dent in high unemployment. A graduated approach to country systems and road sector technical audits help address GAC issues at the project level. The overall impact of GAC strategy implementation was moderate. The GAC committees set up at the regional and sectoral Bank department levels are particularly useful mechanisms for disseminating practices from the GAC Council. Staff has been proactive in using Country Governance and Anticorruption (CGAC) resources. However, three applications for window one funding were not approved, reducing the ability of this small program to seize opportunities.
- World Bank United States
INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS, NATIONAL OFFICES, EXECUTIVE AGENCIES, PRESIDENCY, INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT, EMPLOYMENT, INSTITUTIONAL REFORM, ANTICORRUPTION STRATEGY, PRESIDENTS, INCOME, BRIBE, LACK OF TRANSPARENCY, PUBLIC PROCUREMENT, ECONOMIC CRIMES, FRAUD, BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT, REORGANIZATION, ACCOUNTING STANDARDS, FORMAL INSTITUTIONS, REGULATORY REGIME, CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATION, TRANSPARENCY, SERVICE DELIVERY, FISCAL INCENTIVES, PRIME MINISTER, GOVERNANCE REFORMS, BASIC SERVICE, HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT, INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY, BUDGETARY FUNDS, CORPORATE GOVERNANCE, PROPERTY RIGHTS, ANTICORRUPTION MEASURES, SOCIAL STABILITY, PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS, INTERNAL CONTROLS, DEGREE OF POLITICIZATION, CREDIT RISK, MINISTER, GOVERNMENT STRUCTURES, PROSECUTION, PETTY CORRUPTION, AUDITOR, DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE, STATE ENTERPRISES, LABOR SHEDDING, ELECTORAL SYSTEM, MINISTRY OF FINANCE, OPERATING PERMITS, AUDITS, CITIZENS, BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT, POLITICAL ECONOMY, CODES OF CONDUCT, CONSOLIDATION, JUDICIARY, LOCAL GOVERNMENT, CIVIL SERVANTS, ANTICORRUPTION COMMISSION, REGULATORY FRAMEWORK, LEGISLATURE, REGIONAL INTEGRATION, JUDICIAL REFORM, YOUTH, INTERNAL AUDIT FUNCTION, CURRENT PRICES, CONFIDENCE, INITIATIVE, COMMUNITY DRIVEN DEVELOPMENT, ENTERPRISE RESTRUCTURING, PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION REFORM, GOOD GOVERNANCE, UNION, PRIVATIZATION, EXECUTION, LOAN, POOR PERFORMANCE, TAX REVENUES, PUBLIC FINANCE, FINANCIAL RESOURCES, PUBLIC SECTOR ACCOUNTABILITY, ASSET VALUE, ANTICORRUPTION, TRANSPORT, LAWS, MONEY LAUNDERING, PUBLIC ACCOUNTABILITY, PUBLIC EXPENDITURE, LEADERSHIP, ACCOUNTABILITY, ANTICORRUPTION EFFORTS, DISCLOSURE OF INFORMATION, TAX RATES, PUBLIC SERVICE, INTERNAL AUDIT, FOREIGN INVESTORS, CAPITAL BUDGETING, ECONOMIC GROWTH, STATE INSTITUTIONS, OPERATIONAL RISK, ECONOMIC REFORMS, TRANSACTION COSTS, PUBLIC SERVICE DELIVERY, TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE, FINANCIAL SECTOR, BANKING REFORM, PUBLIC MANAGEMENT, CIVIL SOCIETY, COMMUNITY MEMBERS, GOVERNMENT DECISION, TERRORISM, NATIONS, RESOURCE ALLOCATION, GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS, RULE OF LAW, FINANCIAL CRISIS, GOVERNANCE PERFORMANCE, CRIME, STATE CONTROL, CONSTITUTION, INTEGRITY, RISK MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS, PUBLIC SECTOR GOVERNANCE, AUDITING, INVESTIGATIONS, PROCUREMENT, PUBLIC FINANCING, REPRESENTATIVES, RISK MANAGEMENT, SANCTIONS, TAX COLLECTION, REHABILITATION, 330, PRIMARY EDUCATION, BORROWER, ADMINISTRATIVE AUTHORITIES, MULTILATERAL DEVELOPMENT BANKS, POLITICAL INTERESTS, PRIVATE SECTOR DEVELOPMENT SUPPORT, BUDGET MANAGEMENT, GOVERNANCE INDICATORS, POLITICAL UNCERTAINTY, COLLECTIVE ACTION, EXTORTION, REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS, CORE GOVERNANCE, CIVIL SERVICE, ANTICORRUPTION LAWS, COMMUNIST, CONSTITUENCY, PUBLIC SECTOR, ENTERPRISE SURVEYS, BANKING SECTOR, INFORMAL PAYMENTS, INSTITUTIONAL CONSTRAINTS, FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT, CORRUPTION PERCEPTION, INVESTIGATION, DISCLOSURE, AUTHORITY, COMMUNIST PARTY, INVESTMENT CLIMATE, STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT, IMPROVING GOVERNANCE, POLITICAL INTERFERENCE, CORRUPTION PERCEPTION INDEX, ACCOUNTING, PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION, INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, STATE BUDGET, REVENUE MOBILIZATION, CENTRAL GOVERNMENT, BEST PRACTICES, DISSOLUTION OF PARLIAMENT, INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY, BUSINESS OPERATIONS, MIGRATION, SOCIAL PROTECTION, GOVERNANCE QUALITY, HUMAN RESOURCES, BUREAUCRACY, PUBLIC OFFICIALS, MEMBERS OF PARLIAMENT, MONOPOLIES, OPPOSITION PARTIES, LEGISLATION, GOVERNANCE CHALLENGES, INTERNATIONAL BANK, CIVIL SERVICE REFORMS, CENTRALIZATION, COMPLAINTS, PUBLIC POLICIES, COUNTRY DATA, PRIVATE SECTOR DEVELOPMENT, EXTERNAL ACCOUNTABILITY, GLOBAL INITIATIVES, POLITICAL CHANGE, LEGAL FRAMEWORK, REAL SECTOR, ANTICORRUPTION ISSUES, TAX ADMINISTRATION, GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS, ETHICS, HUMAN RESOURCE
INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS, NATIONAL OFFICES, EXECUTIVE AGENCIES, PRESIDENCY, INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT, EMPLOYMENT, INSTITUTIONAL REFORM, ANTICORRUPTION STRATEGY, PRESIDENTS, INCOME, BRIBE, LACK OF TRANSPARENCY, PUBLIC PROCUREMENT, ECONOMIC CRIMES, FRAUD, BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT, REORGANIZATION, ACCOUNTING STANDARDS, FORMAL INSTITUTIONS, REGULATORY REGIME, CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATION, TRANSPARENCY, SERVICE DELIVERY, FISCAL INCENTIVES, PRIME MINISTER, GOVERNANCE REFORMS, BASIC SERVICE, HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT, INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY, BUDGETARY FUNDS, CORPORATE GOVERNANCE, PROPERTY RIGHTS, ANTICORRUPTION MEASURES, SOCIAL STABILITY, PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS, INTERNAL CONTROLS, DEGREE OF POLITICIZATION, CREDIT RISK, MINISTER, GOVERNMENT STRUCTURES, PROSECUTION, PETTY CORRUPTION, AUDITOR, DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE, STATE ENTERPRISES, LABOR SHEDDING, ELECTORAL SYSTEM, MINISTRY OF FINANCE, OPERATING PERMITS, AUDITS, CITIZENS, BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT, POLITICAL ECONOMY, CODES OF CONDUCT, CONSOLIDATION, JUDICIARY, LOCAL GOVERNMENT, CIVIL SERVANTS, ANTICORRUPTION COMMISSION, REGULATORY FRAMEWORK, LEGISLATURE, REGIONAL INTEGRATION, JUDICIAL REFORM, YOUTH, INTERNAL AUDIT FUNCTION, CURRENT PRICES, CONFIDENCE, INITIATIVE, COMMUNITY DRIVEN DEVELOPMENT, ENTERPRISE RESTRUCTURING, PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION REFORM, GOOD GOVERNANCE, UNION, PRIVATIZATION, EXECUTION, LOAN, POOR PERFORMANCE, TAX REVENUES, PUBLIC FINANCE, FINANCIAL RESOURCES, PUBLIC SECTOR ACCOUNTABILITY, ASSET VALUE, ANTICORRUPTION, TRANSPORT, LAWS, MONEY LAUNDERING, PUBLIC ACCOUNTABILITY, PUBLIC EXPENDITURE, LEADERSHIP, ACCOUNTABILITY, ANTICORRUPTION EFFORTS, DISCLOSURE OF INFORMATION, TAX RATES, PUBLIC SERVICE, INTERNAL AUDIT, FOREIGN INVESTORS, CAPITAL BUDGETING, ECONOMIC GROWTH, STATE INSTITUTIONS, OPERATIONAL RISK, ECONOMIC REFORMS, TRANSACTION COSTS, PUBLIC SERVICE DELIVERY, TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE, FINANCIAL SECTOR, BANKING REFORM, PUBLIC MANAGEMENT, CIVIL SOCIETY, COMMUNITY MEMBERS, GOVERNMENT DECISION, TERRORISM, NATIONS, RESOURCE ALLOCATION, GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS, RULE OF LAW, FINANCIAL CRISIS, GOVERNANCE PERFORMANCE, CRIME, STATE CONTROL, CONSTITUTION, INTEGRITY, RISK MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS, PUBLIC SECTOR GOVERNANCE, AUDITING, INVESTIGATIONS, PROCUREMENT, PUBLIC FINANCING, REPRESENTATIVES, RISK MANAGEMENT, SANCTIONS, TAX COLLECTION, REHABILITATION, 330, PRIMARY EDUCATION, BORROWER, ADMINISTRATIVE AUTHORITIES, MULTILATERAL DEVELOPMENT BANKS, POLITICAL INTERESTS, PRIVATE SECTOR DEVELOPMENT SUPPORT, BUDGET MANAGEMENT, GOVERNANCE INDICATORS, POLITICAL UNCERTAINTY, COLLECTIVE ACTION, EXTORTION, REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS, CORE GOVERNANCE, CIVIL SERVICE, ANTICORRUPTION LAWS, COMMUNIST, CONSTITUENCY, PUBLIC SECTOR, ENTERPRISE SURVEYS, BANKING SECTOR, INFORMAL PAYMENTS, INSTITUTIONAL CONSTRAINTS, FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT, CORRUPTION PERCEPTION, INVESTIGATION, DISCLOSURE, AUTHORITY, COMMUNIST PARTY, INVESTMENT CLIMATE, STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT, IMPROVING GOVERNANCE, POLITICAL INTERFERENCE, CORRUPTION PERCEPTION INDEX, ACCOUNTING, PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION, INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, STATE BUDGET, REVENUE MOBILIZATION, CENTRAL GOVERNMENT, BEST PRACTICES, DISSOLUTION OF PARLIAMENT, INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY, BUSINESS OPERATIONS, MIGRATION, SOCIAL PROTECTION, GOVERNANCE QUALITY, HUMAN RESOURCES, BUREAUCRACY, PUBLIC OFFICIALS, MEMBERS OF PARLIAMENT, MONOPOLIES, OPPOSITION PARTIES, LEGISLATION, GOVERNANCE CHALLENGES, INTERNATIONAL BANK, CIVIL SERVICE REFORMS, CENTRALIZATION, COMPLAINTS, PUBLIC POLICIES, COUNTRY DATA, PRIVATE SECTOR DEVELOPMENT, EXTERNAL ACCOUNTABILITY, GLOBAL INITIATIVES, POLITICAL CHANGE, LEGAL FRAMEWORK, REAL SECTOR, ANTICORRUPTION ISSUES, TAX ADMINISTRATION, GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS, ETHICS, HUMAN RESOURCE
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