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Efecto del entrenamiento de fuerza sobre la capacidad oxidativa muscular valorada mediante espectroscopia de infrarrojo cercano

Authors: Jerez Martínez, Agustín;

Efecto del entrenamiento de fuerza sobre la capacidad oxidativa muscular valorada mediante espectroscopia de infrarrojo cercano

Abstract

El entrenamiento de fuerza se conoce principalmente por sus efectos en la ganancia de fuerza, el aumento del tamaño muscular y la mejora de la salud musculoesquelética. Sin embargo, el modo en que puede influir en la función metabólica del músculo, en especial la capacidad oxidativa, con se ha investigado con la misma profundidad. La capacidad oxidativa, vinculada al rendimiento de las mitocondrias, es crucial para la producción de energía que permite la resíntesis de adenosín trifosfato (ATP) y el óptimo funcionamiento muscular. Esta Tesis Doctoral tuvo como objetivo principal comprobar si programas de entrenamiento de fuerza orientado a la mejora de la hipertrofia y la fuerza puede favorecer la capacidad oxidativa del músculo esquelético de adultos jóvenes, evaluada mediante espectroscopia de infrarrojo cercano (NIRS). Esta técnica, de carácter no invasivo, hace posible registrar la dinámica de oxigenación en el músculo para estimar la eficiencia de las mitocondrias. En un primer estudio, de carácter transversal, se comparó la capacidad oxidativa entre culturistas naturales y sujetos no entrenados. Utilizando NIRS, se midió el consumo de oxígeno muscular (mVO2) durante oclusiones arteriales repetidas, con la recuperación post-ejercicio como indicador de la capacidad oxidativa mitocondrial. La constante de tiempo (CT) de la recuperación del mVO2, ajustada mediante una función monoexponencial, se utilizó como la principal variable para evaluar la eficiencia mitocondrial. Los resultados mostraron que los culturistas naturales tenían una CT significativamente más rápida que los sujetos no entrenados (p < 0,001; ES = 2,24), lo que sugiere una mayor capacidad oxidativa y mejor recuperación post-ejercicio. En el segundo estudio, de diseño longitudinal, se evaluó el impacto de dos protocolos de entrenamiento de fuerza: 10RM y 20RM (repeticiones máximas). Los participantes completaron un programa de entrenamiento de seis semanas, con dos sesiones supervisadas por semana, mientras que un grupo control no realizó ningún tipo de entrenamiento. Tras la intervención, se observaron aumentos notables en la capacidad oxidativa, en la fuerza muscular y el grosor del músculo vasto lateral en los dos grupos experimentales (p < 0,001), aunque el protocolo de 20RM obtuvo un mayor incremento en la capacidad oxidativa, sin ser estadísticamente significativa su diferencia respecto al de 10RM (p = 0,584). En conclusión, el entrenamiento de fuerza contribuye no solo al desarrollo de la fuerza muscular y la hipertrofia, sino también a la mejora de la capacidad metabólica del músculo al potenciar la función mitocondrial. Estos hallazgos revisten importancia tanto para deportistas como para personas que buscan optimizar su estado de salud, y confirman que la NIRS es una herramienta útil y no invasiva para cuantificar los cambios en la capacidad oxidativa, evitando procedimientos más agresivos como las biopsias musculares.

Resistance training is primarily recognized for its effects on strength gains, increased muscle size, and improvements in musculoskeletal health. However, the extent to which it can influence the metabolic function of muscle, especially its oxidative capacity, has not been examined with the same depth. Oxidative capacity, linked to mitochondrial activity, is crucial for energy production that enables adenosine triphosphate (ATP) resynthesis and optimal muscle function. The main objective of this Doctoral Thesis was to determine whether resistance training programs aimed at enhancing both hypertrophy and strength can improve skeletal muscle oxidative capacity in young adults, as assessed by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). This non-invasive technique allows for continuous monitoring of oxygenation dynamics in the muscle, thus providing an estimate of mitochondrial efficiency. In the first study, which followed a cross-sectional design, oxidative capacity was compared between natural bodybuilders and untrained individuals. Using NIRS, muscle oxygen consumption (mVO2) was measured during repeated arterial occlusions, with post-exercise recovery serving as an indicator of mitochondrial oxidative capacity. The time constant (TC) for mVO2 recovery, fitted using a monoexponential function, was employed as the main variable for evaluating mitochondrial efficiency. The results showed that the natural bodybuilders had significantly faster TC than the untrained group (p < 0.001; ES 2.24), suggesting a higher oxidative capacity and better post-exercise recovery. In the second study, with a longitudinal design, the impact of two resistance training protocols was assessed: 10RM and 20RM (repetitions maximum). Participants completed a sixweek training program, with two supervised sessions per week, while a control group did not perform any type of training. Following the intervention, notable increases in oxidative capacity, muscle strength, and vastus lateralis muscle thickness were observed in both experimental groups (p < 0.001), although the 20RM protocol showed a greater increase in oxidative capacity, without a statistically significant difference compared to the 10RM group (p = 0.584). In conclusion, resistance training contributes not only to muscle strength gains and hypertrophy but also to enhance metabolic capacity by promoting mitochondrial function. These findings are relevant both for athletes and for individuals looking to optimize their overall health, and they confirm that NIRS is a valuable and non-invasive tool for quantifying changes in oxidative capacity avoiding more invasive procedures such as muscle biopsies.

Actividad Física y Deporte

Country
Spain
Keywords

Time under tension, Muscle strength, Hipertrofia muscular, Tiempo bajo tensión, Muscle hypertrophy, Metabolic adaptations, Mitochondrial function, Fuerza muscular, Adaptaciones metabólicas, Función mitocondrial

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
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