This research presents a novel framework for optimizing sensor networks to enhance Space Domain Awareness in the face of a burgeoning resident space object population. By employing advanced metaheuristic optimization techniques and high-fidelity modeling and simulation, this research investigates the intricate interplay between sensor characteristics, network topology, and state estimation performance. The research aims to develop actionable recommendations for optimizing sensor network design, considering factors such as viewing geometry, sensor phenomenology, and background noise. Through rigorous simulations and analysis, this work seeks to contribute significantly to the advancement of Space Domain Awareness. A key product of this research is the development of a novel lattice-based genetic algorithm tailored for constrained metaheuristic optimization that converges in 15% fewer generations than traditional methods. This algorithm demonstrates its effectiveness in producing practical sensor network designs that can enhance space object tracking and surveillance capabilities. Results will show network designs that fill current coverage gaps over the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, remain consistent with geographical and geopolitical boundaries, and exploit regions with favorable environmental conditions. The outcome is a set of actionable solutions that triple observation capacity and reduce catalog observation gap times by up to 50%.

Space Domain Awareness is critical for ensuring the safety and security of space operations. As the number of objects in space continues to grow, strategic sensor network design is essential for effective tracking and surveillance. This research presents a novel approach to designing sensor networks that maximizes their effectiveness towards specified mission outcomes. Leveraging advanced computer modeling and optimization techniques, a method is developed that considers factors like sensor location, capabilities, and the environment. The research has led to improved sensor network designs, enhanced coverage of space, and reduced gaps in observations of space objects. Overall, this research provides valuable insights and practical solutions for improving SDA capabilities. These results can help ensure the safety and security of space operations for the future space environment.

Doctor of Philosophy