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Mecanismos histo-bioquímicos del inicio del trabajo de parto

Authors: Sánchez Bilbao, Lara;

Mecanismos histo-bioquímicos del inicio del trabajo de parto

Abstract

El parto es el proceso fisiológico mediante el cual culmina la gestación con el nacimiento del niño y el alumbramiento de la placenta. Los mecanismos que se ponen en marcha para iniciar el parto siguen siendo una incógnita hoy en día y su investigación supone un gran reto tanto por las limitaciones prácticas que existen como por la complejidad de su análisis. El objetivo de este trabajo es describir la hipótesis principal y actualmente aceptada sobre los mecanismos hormonales y bioquímicos que tienen lugar en el feto, la placenta, el miometrio y cuello uterino materno, y que conducen al inicio del trabajo de parto en el ser humano, entendiendo como trabajo de parto las contracciones efectivas que inducen la expulsión del feto y alumbramiento de la placenta. El incremento en los niveles de cortisol fetal al producirse la maduración pulmonar en torno a la semana 34 de edad gestacional provoca una privación de progesterona al competir por sus receptores, liberando así la CRH (hormona liberadora de corticotropina) placentaria precursora del resto de eventos. Las prostaglandinas inducen en un segundo tiempo las contracciones y la dilatación del cérvix, y la oxitocina va a mantener el parto ya iniciado. El sistema inmunitario tiene también una función importante en los cambios del cuello uterino y se desarrolla en base a las causas del inicio del trabajo de parto pretérmino.

Parturition is the physiological process through which the gestation ends with the birth of the child and the delivery of the placenta. The mechanisms involved in the start of labor still remain a mystery and its research is a major challenge both for the practical limitations that exist and the complexity of the analysis. The aim of this paper is to describe the main hypothesis and currently accepted assumption on hormonal and biochemical mechanisms that occur in the fetus, placenta, myometrium and maternal cervix that lead to the initiation of labor in humans, understanding labor as contractions that induce effective expulsion of the fetus and delivery of the placenta. The increase in levels of fetal cortisol during lung maturity at around the week 34 of the gestational age causes a deprivation of progesterone by competing for its receptors, thus freeing the placental CRH (corticotropin releasing hormone) precursor of other events. Prostaglandins induce in a second time contractions and cervical dilation and oxytocin will keep labor already begun. The immune system also has an important role in the changes of the cervix and develops feature based on the causes of the onset of preterm labor.

Grado en Medicina

Keywords

Trabajo de parto, Oxitocina, CRH (hormona liberadora de corticotropina), Decidua, Prostaglandins, Membranas fetales, CRH (corticotropin releasing hormone), Oxytocin, Labor, Prostaglandinas, Fetal membranes

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selected citations
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This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
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popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
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