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Empleo de la tenacidad a fractura como indicador del grado de deterioro de sistemas de aislamiento de transformadores

Authors: Oti Gómez, Noé;

Empleo de la tenacidad a fractura como indicador del grado de deterioro de sistemas de aislamiento de transformadores

Abstract

RESUMEN: Un transformador de potencia es un dispositivo esencial en el sistema de distribución y transporte de energía eléctrica, cuya función es modificar la tensión de la energía eléctrica con el fin de reducir las pérdidas por efecto Joule a través del sistema eléctrico y permitir la utilización de la energía eléctrica por los distintos consumidores. Los grandes transformadores de potencia se encuentran bañados en un aceite dieléctrico, encargado de su refrigeración y del aislamiento de los conductores. Desde sus inicios el líquido empleado era aceite mineral (un derivado del petróleo), pero desde hace algunos años se viene considerando que debido a su bajo punto de ignición y su baja biodegradabilidad es conveniente sustituirlo por otros aceites que puedan hacer frente a estos grandes inconvenientes. Este trabajo analiza a través de la tenacidad a fractura si la degradación experimentada por componentes sólidos, del sistema de aislamiento de grandes transformadores, sumergidos en dos líquidos alternativos (un éster natural y un éster sintético) es comparable a la sufrida cuando el líquido dieléctrico empleado es el aceite mineral. De esta forma se podrá conocer si estos nuevos aceites son compatibles con los materiales sólidos habitualmente empleados en la fabricación de los sistemas de aislamiento de los transformadores Para analizar esta compatibilidad se han utilizado muestras envejecidas previamente en el laboratorio mediante ensayos de envejecimientos térmicos acelerados de papel Kraft y cartón PSP en los distintos aceites (aceite mineral, éster natural y éster sintético) y a distintas temperaturas (150ºC, 130ºC y 110ºC) y durante distintos tiempos de envejecimiento. A las muestras disponibles se les han realizado dos fisuras y posteriormente se han medido las dimensiones de dichas fisuras. Una vez preparadas las probetas se han ensayado a tracción de manera que se dispusieran las fibras de las probetas en la dirección longitudinal y transversal a la de aplicación de la carga. A partir de estos ensayos se ha calculado la tenacidad a fractura del papel Kraft y cartón PSP para las distintas temperaturas y aceites dieléctricos. Los resultados obtenidos han mostrado que el empleo de los ésteres naturales y sintéticos proporciona una mayor durabilidad al papel Kraft y al cartón PSP que el aceite mineral. También se ha comprobado el efecto exponencial de la temperatura en la velocidad de degradación de papel y cartón. Finalmente, se ha visto que la tenacidad a fractura es un método adecuado de caracterización del deterioro experimentado por los sólidos dieléctricos durante el envejecimiento, y que existe una relación lineal entre ésta y el grado de polimerización, una medida ampliamente utilizada en la caracterización de la degradación de dieléctricos sólidos empleados en transformadores bañados en aceite.

ABSTRACT: A power transformer is an essential device in the electrical energy distribution and transmission system, whose function is to modify the voltage of electrical energy in order to reduce Joule losses through the electrical system and allow the use of electrical energy by the various consumers. Large power transformers are bathed in dielectric oil, which is responsible for cooling and insulating the conductors. From the beginning, the liquid used was mineral oil (a petroleum derivative), but for some years now it has been considered that due to its low flash point and low biodegradability, it is advisable to replace it with other oils that can cope with these major drawbacks. This work analyses by means of fracture toughness whether the degradation experienced by solid components of the insulation system of large transformers immersed in two alternative liquids (a natural ester and a synthetic ester) is comparable to that suffered when the dielectric liquid used is mineral oil. In this way, it will be possible to find out whether these new oils are compatible with the solid materials normally used in the manufacture of transformer insulation systems. To analyse this compatibility, samples previously aged in the laboratory have been used by means of accelerated thermal ageing tests on Kraft paper and PSP cardboard in the different oils (mineral oil, natural ester and synthetic ester) and at different temperatures (150ºC, 130ºC and 110ºC) and during different ageing times. Two cracks were made in the available samples and the dimensions of these cracks were then measured. Once the specimens were prepared, they were tensile tested in such a way that the fibres of the specimens were arranged in the longitudinal direction and transversally to the direction of application of the load. From these tests, the fracture toughness of Kraft paper and PSP board was calculated for different temperatures and dielectric oils. The results obtained have shown that the use of natural and synthetic esters provides greater durability to Kraft paper and PSP board than mineral oil. The exponential effect of temperature on the degradation rate of paper and board has also been demonstrated. Finally, it has been shown that fracture toughness is a suitable method for characterising the deterioration experienced by solid dielectrics during ageing, and that there is a linear relationship between this and the degree of polymerisation, a measure widely used in the characterisation of the degradation of solid dielectrics used in oil-immersed transformers.

Grado en Ingeniería Mecánica

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
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