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handle: 10902/16548
RESUMEN: El albinismo es una condición genética relativamente frecuente a nivel mundial. Distinguimos dos tipos de albinismo fundamentalmente: el albinismo oculocutáneo, que presenta una herencia autosómica recesiva; y el albinismo ocular cuya herencia está ligada al cromosoma X. A pesar de que fenotípicamente el hallazgo más característico y que la sociedad asocia a esta enfermedad es la hipopigmentación de la piel, pelo y ojos; los hallazgos más limitantes y relevantes son los oftalmológicos. Hoy en día carece de tratamiento, y son atendidos por equipos multidisciplinares entre los que se incluyen: pediatras, profesores, psicólogos, oftalmólogos y dermatólogos. Las medidas que se adoptan son preventivas, en el caso de la protección frente a la exposición solar, o correctoras o para alivio sintomático en lo referente a los problemas oftalmológicos. Las nuevas perspectivas terapéuticas, entre las que se encuentran la técnica de edición genética CRISPR-Cas o el diagnóstico genético preimplantacional son prometedoras en cuanto a una posible cura del albinismo en un futuro. Las asociaciones y los gobiernos deben colaborar para acabar con el estigma y las supersticiones sobre el albinismo en determinadas regiones para erradicar la violencia y mejorar la calidad de vida de estas personas.
ABSTRACT: Albinism is a relatively common genetic condition worldwide. We can distinguish two main types of albinism: oculocutaneous albinism, which presents an autosomal recessive inheritance; and ocular albinism, whose inheritance is linked to the X chromosome. Although, phenotypically the most characteristic finding of albinism, which is also the one that society associates with this disease, is the hypopigmentation of the skin, hair and eyes; the most limiting and relevant findings are the ophthalmologic ones. There is not treatment at this time, and it is attended by multidisciplinary teams including: pediatricians, teachers, psychologists, ophthalmologists and dermatologists. The measures taken are preventive, in the case of protection against solar exposure, or corrective or for symptomatic relief in relation to ophthalmological problems. The new therapeutic perspectives, which are the technique of genetic editing CRISPRCas and the genetic diagnosis preimplantation, are promising in terms of a possible cure of albinism in the future. Associations and governments must work together to overcome the stigma and superstitions about albinism in certain regions which will help to end up the violence and improve the quality of life of these people.
Grado en Medicina
Edición genética, Melanogenesis, Melanogénesis, Albinismo oculocutáneo, Ocular albinism, Oculocutaneous albinism, Albinismo ocular, CRISPR-Cas, Genetic edition
Edición genética, Melanogenesis, Melanogénesis, Albinismo oculocutáneo, Ocular albinism, Oculocutaneous albinism, Albinismo ocular, CRISPR-Cas, Genetic edition
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