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UCrea
Article . 2016
License: CC BY
Data sources: UCrea
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Detección de microorganismos multirresistentes.

Authors: Martínez Martínez, Luis;

Detección de microorganismos multirresistentes.

Abstract

RESUMEN: El estudio de la actividad in vitro de los antimicrobianos (antibiograma) permite predecir con alta probabilidad la respuesta al tratamiento anti-infeccioso. El antibiograma se puede realizar empleando técnicas de difusión o de dilución. En el primer caso, se emplean discos o tiras con antimicrobiano que se colocan sobre una placa de medio de cultivo sólido previamente inoculada, y en la que tras su incubación podrá observarse la inhibición del crecimiento bacteriano; en el segundo caso el antimicrobiano se incorpora directamente al medio de cultivo (agar o medio líquido). Muchos servicios de microbiología clínica emplean en la actualidad para estos fines sistemas (semi)automáticos basados en la técnica de microdilución. De este modo, se pueden conocer el valor de la “concentración mínima inhibitoria” (CMI, menor concentración de antibiótico que inhibe el crecimiento bacteriano), así como otros parámetros de interés clínico (concentración mínima bactericida, tolerancia, efecto paradójico, efecto postantibiótico,…). Los valores de CMI (o de halos de inhibición cuando se emplea la difusión con disco) se interpretan, siguiendo los criterios de comités de expertos, como categorías clínicas: sensible, intermedio o resistente. La categoría de resistente se aplica a los microorganismos que no se inhibirán con las concentraciones que habitualmente se alcanzan in vivo o que poseen un mecanismo de resistencia cuya presencia es causa de fracaso terapéutico. una vez conocido el perfil de resistencia a diversos antimicrobianos, puede establecerse si un determinado microorganismo es multirresistente, empleando una definición de referencia. Desde el punto de vista clínico, tiene gran interés la detección de bacterias resistentes directamente en las muestras clínicas, mediante técnicas fenotípicas o por métodos moleculares; cuando esto no es posible o adecuado, puede detectarse el mecanismo de resistencia en bacterias cultivadas, de nuevo mediante técnicas fenotípicas o moleculares, y en algunos casos mediante ensayos bioquímicos.

ABSTRACT: The study of the in vitro activity of antimicrobial agents (antibiogram) is a reliable predictor of the efficay of anti-infective agents. There are two major methodological approaches for antibiogram techniques: diffusion and dilution assays. For diffusion methods, discs or strips with antibiotic are placed on the surface of a previously inoculated agar plate, and after the plate is incubated, bacterial growth inhibition will be evident; for dilution methods, the antibiotic is directly incorporated into the culture medium (either solid or liquid). Mots clinical microbiology laboratories are currently using (semi)automatic methods based on the microdilution assay for performing antibiograms. Using the indicated techniques, it will be possible to define the "minimal inhibitory concentration" (MIC, the lowest concentration of antimicrobial agent inhibiting bacterial growth), and other clinically relevant parameters, such as minimal bactericidal concentration, tolerance, paradoxical effect, post-antibiotic effect, etc. MIC values (or diameters of inhibition zones when using disk-diffusion assays) will be translated into clinical categories (susceptible, intermediate, resistant) using the criteria established by expert committees. A microorganism will be considered resistant when it will not be inhibited with the concentrations usually achieved in vivo or when it contains a mechanism of resistance responsible of therapeutic failure. Once the resistance profile to multiple antibiotics has been defined, it would be possible to considerer an organism as multiresistant, applying a reference definition for this purpose. From a clinical point of view, it is particularly important to detect resistant bacteria directly in clinical samples using phenotypic or molecular methods, and when this is not possible or adequate, it is possible to detect resistance mechanisms in cultured bacteria, again using phenotypic or molecular methods or, in some cases, biochemical assays.

Country
Spain
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Keywords

Multirresistencia, Antibiotics, Antibiogram, Antibiograma, Medios cromogénicos, Antibióticos, Chromogenic media, Métodos moleculares, Multiresistance, Molecular methods

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selected citations
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This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
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popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
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