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UCrea
Bachelor thesis . 2017
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Elaboración de un cariotipo a partir de sangre periférica

Karyotype analysis using cultured blood lymphocytes
Authors: Vejo Gutiérrez, Javier;

Elaboración de un cariotipo a partir de sangre periférica

Abstract

El cariotipo es una representación gráfica del conjunto de cromosomas metafásicos de una célula en mitosis debidamente clasificados y ordenados. Durante muchos años fue la técnica de estudio citogenético por excelencia, permitiendo la detección de aneuploidías y anomalías de gran tamaño que afectaban a la morfología cromosómica. La aparición de las técnicas de bandeo con Giemsa permitió además detectar deleciones más pequeñas. En las últimas décadas, los avances de la biología molecular se han trasladado al campo de la genética, favoreciendo el desarrollo de numerosas técnicas de análisis genético como la hibridación fluorescente in situ o la hibridación genómica comparada, que permiten la detección de microdeleciones o duplicaciones. La tecnología de secuenciación de última generación, aparecida más recientemente, o los microarrays posibilitan un análisis global de mutaciones o polimorfismos de un solo nucleótido. A pesar de ello, el cariotipo sigue siendo hoy en día una herramienta de diagnóstico básica e insustituible, permitiendo detectar cambios estructurales y reordenamientos cromosómicos que pasan desapercibidos con las nuevas técnicas. En este trabajo se explican detalladamente los pasos en la elaboración de un cariotipo a partir de sangre periférica, una técnica relativamente sencilla, rápida y económica, se discuten los puntos críticos y se analizan los resultados obtenidos. Además se presenta una descripción sobre el Programa de Detección Prenatal de Anomalías Cromosómicas en Cantabria vigente actualmente.

Karyotyping is the process of pairing and ordering all the chromosomes, thus providing a genome-wide snapshot of an individual’s chromosomes. For many years it was the main cytogenetic technique, allowing the study of aneuploidies and gross genetic changes that affected chromosomal morphology. G-banding technique allowed the detection of more subtle structural changes, such as small deletions, duplications or inversions. In the last decades, the advances in molecular biology lead to the development of several genetic analysis techniques, such as fluorescent in situ hybridization or comparative genomic hybridization, which allow the detection of microdeletions or duplications. More recently, next generation sequencing technology appeared, which in addition to microarray analysis allows single nucleotide polymorphism analysis. Despite these new methods, karyotyping is still an important diagnostic tool that detects structural changes and chromosomal rearrangements, whereas these may go unnoticed using the new technology. In this work, the steps required to develop a karyotype from peripheral blood are explained in detail. Nowadays, karyotyping is still a relatively easy, quick, and inexpensive source of diagnostic information for birth defects. A description of the Prenatal Screening Program applied in Cantabria for detection of chromosomal abnormalities is provided.

Grado en Medicina

Country
Spain
Related Organizations
Keywords

Técnicas citogenéticas, Cariotipo, Protocolo, Cytogenetic techniques, Karyotype, Giemsa, Protocol, Prenatal diagnosis, Diagnóstico prenatal

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
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