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handle: 10902/11651
El albinismo es un trastorno genético causado por un defecto de la síntesis y distribución de la melanina que afecta a la pigmentación de la piel, el cabello y la retina. Dependiendo de la extensión de las alteraciones pigmentarias, podemos distinguir dos tipos de albinismo: el albinismo oculocutáneo (tradicionalmente más grave, de herencia autosómica recesiva, cursa con hipopigmentación de la piel y el pelo y afectación ocular variable con nistagmo, hipoplasia foveal y pérdida de la agudeza visual) y albinismo ocular (de herencia recesiva ligada al cromosoma X, produce graves problemas de visión sin hipopigmentación a otros niveles). El albinismo no tiene tratamiento y únicamente se deben adoptar medidas de protección (revisiones periódicas, controles oftalmológicos y cutáneos). Los avances en las técnicas de edición genética hacen previsible que en el futuro se podrá disponer de terapias para tratar esta condición. En ese sentido, cabe destacar los resultados prometedores del sistema de edición genética CRISPR-Cas9, que permite editar el genoma con gran precisión, aunque debe mejorarse para disminuir el riesgo de mutaciones fortuitas. Además, hay que considerar las implicaciones éticas de la aplicación de estas técnicas en la especie humana. De la misma forma, se han empezado a aplicar técnicas de selección de embriones a parejas con antecedentes de albinismo por indicación de consejo genético, con resultados satisfactorios hasta la fecha.
Albinism is a genetic disorder caused by a defect in the production of an enough amount of melanin in the skin, hair and retina. Depending on the extent of pigmentary alterations, we can distinguish two types of albinism: oculo-cutaneous albinism (traditionally more severe, with autosomal recessive inheritance, produce hypopigmentation of the skin and hair, and variable ocular involvement with nystagmus, foveal hypoplasia, loss of visual acuity) and ocular albinism (with recessive inheritance linked to X, produce severe vision problems without hypopigmentation at other levels). Although the treatment of albinism has been limited during decades to a conservative approach (periodic reviews, ophthalmological and skin controls), in recent years there has been a breakthrough in the application of new molecular techniques. In this context, it is worth highlighting the promising results of the CRISPR-Cas9 genetic editing system, which allows the genome to be edited with great accuracy, although it must be improved in order to avoid the risk of unexpected mutations. The ethical implications of applying these technology to human being must also be considered. In the same way, embryo selection techniques have been initiated in couples with a history of albinism for indication of genetic counseling, with satisfactory results until now.
Grado en Medicina
Edición genética, Melanina, Albinism, Melanin, CRISPR-Cas9, Genetic edition, Albinismo
Edición genética, Melanina, Albinism, Melanin, CRISPR-Cas9, Genetic edition, Albinismo
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