Homosexuality has historically been considered an aberration by most religions and a nefandum activity typifed as a crime of sodomy in most countries of the world. Homosexuality was persecuted and punished in various ways and continues to be so in too many places around the world. Te Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union establishes in article 21 that all discrimination shall be prohibited, included that based on sexual orientation, but the declaration does not mention the right to freely hold the person’s own gender identity. We are certainly still far from living in a world in which the basic rights of humanity are fully respected. Tis book, fruit of the collaboration of the Center for Basque Studies of the University of Nevada and the Master in Feminist and Gender Studies of the University of the Basque Country, constitutes the frst monograph written in English on this subject in relation to the Basque case. It tries to give response to the existing void around the issues of historical, legal and political, but also social and cultural reality, problems and challenges of the LGBTQI+ collective in the Basque Country