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Ingesta de fructosa líquida, fetge gras i intolerància a la glucosa

Authors: Rebollo de Grado, Alba;

Ingesta de fructosa líquida, fetge gras i intolerància a la glucosa

Abstract

En les ultimes dècades s’ha produït un increment notable de la prevalença d’alteracions metabòliques com l’obesitat, la síndrome metabòlica i la resistència a la insulina que s’han relacionat, entre altres factors, amb l’increment en el consum de carbohidrats, especialment fructosa, sobretot en forma de begudes edulcorades. Estudis anteriors del nostre grup de recerca van demostrar que l’administració de fructosa al 10% (p/v) en l’aigua de beguda a rates mascle durant 14 dies produeix hipertrigliceridèmia i esteatosi hepàtica. En rates femella, provoca, a més, hiperglucèmia, hiperinsulinèmia i un estat d’intolerància a la glucosa. Per tant, els resultats d’aquest estudi semblen indicar que les rates femella són mes susceptibles als efectes negatius de l’administració de fructosa. En aquest context, els objectius que s’han pretès assolir en la present tesi doctoral han estat: 1) Determinar en quin moment apareixen la hipertrigliceridèmia i l’esteatosi hepàtica en rates femella com a conseqüència del consum de fructosa i estudiar quins són els mecanismes moleculars subjacents. 2) Esbrinar en quin moment té lloc l’augment dels nivells d’insulina i glucosa en plasma, quan apareix la intolerància a la glucosa, i determinar quins són els mecanismes moleculars pels quals la fructosa causa aquestes alteracions en rates femella. En relació al primer objectiu, els resultats indiquen que la hipertrigliceridèmia i la esteatosi hepàtica apareixen als 14 dies, però no als 7 dies de tractament. La repressió de l’expressió de PPARα i els seus gens diana té un paper fonamental en la reducció del catabolisme lipídic i l’augment dels nivells de triglicèrids a nivell plasmàtic i hepàtic. Els cultius de diferents tipus d’hepatòcits en presència de fructosa i altres compostos activadors i inhibidors de determinades proteïines han permès aprofundir en el mecanisme molecular responsable, i han mostrat que la reducció de l’expressió de PPARα per la fructosa també té lloc en hepatòcits d’origen humà. Els resultats obtinguts indiquen que l’activació de ChREBP podria tenir un paper important en la repressió del sistema PPARα. Pel que fa al segon objectiu, la hiperglucèmia, hiperinsulinèmia i intolerància a la glucosa només després de 2 setmanes de tractament. També a aquest temps, es produeix una alteració de l’expressió de molècules necessàries per a la correcta senyalització de la insulina en el fetge, entre elles IRS-2. La reducció dels nivells de proteïna IRS-2, malgrat ser important per provocar un dèficit de senyalització de la via PI3K/AKT, no condueix a un estat clàssic de resistència hepàtica a la insulina, ja que l’activitat gluconeogènica no es troba incrementada. Aquestes observacions suggereixen, en primer lloc, que la intolerància a la glucosa té un origen extrahepàtic, i en segon lloc, l’existència d’un mecanisme compensatori per evitar precisament que el fetge augmenti la producció hepàtica de glucosa.

In previous studies, our research group showed that fructose administration (10% w/v) into drinking water during 14 days induces hypertriglyceridemia and fatty liver in male rats. In addition, this 14-day fructose supplementation caused, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia and glucose intolerance in female rats. Thus, female rats seem to be more sensitive to the deleterious effect of fructose on glucose homeostasis than male rats. In this context, the main goals of the present work have been: 1) To determine the temporal evolution of fructose-induced hypertriglyceridemia and hepatic steatosis in female rats, and to study the molecular mechanisms involved; 2) To determine the temporal evolution of the hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia and glucose intolerance induced by fructose ingestion in female rats, and to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms. The results of the present work show that hypertriglyceridemia and fatty liver take place at 14 days but not at 7 days of fructose treatment. Fructose-mediated PPARα repression plays a key role in the reduction of lipid catabolism and in the increased plasma and liver triglyceride concentrations. Cell culture of different types of liver cells in presence of fructose and other compounds have made possible to study the molecular mechanisms involved in PPARα repression, an effect also observed in a primary culture of human hepatocytes. Further, the results of this work suggest that the hyperactivation of ChREBP may have an important role in fructose-mediated PPARα repression. On the other hand, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia and glucose intolerance only take place after 14 days of fructose consumption. At this time, there is a lack of expression of several molecules involved in insulin pathway, such as IRS-2. The reduction of IRS-2 expression, despite contributing to an improper insulin signaling in liver, does not lead to a classic state of hepatic insulin resistance, since the expression of the main gluconeogenic enzymes is not increased. These observations suggest that fructose-induced glucose intolerance has not a hepatic origin, and also the existence of a compensatory mechanism that avoids an increase of hepatic glucose production.

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Spain
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Keywords

Intolerància a la glucosa, Intolerancia a la glucosa, Glucose, Malalties del fetge, Glucosa, Fructosa, 616.4, Fructose, Glucose intolerance, Enfermedades del higado, Ciències de la Salut, Liver diseases

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popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
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influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
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impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
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