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Mapping protein aggregation by deep mutational scanning

Authors: Seuma Areñas, Mireia;

Mapping protein aggregation by deep mutational scanning

Abstract

[cat] Les proteïnes poden adoptar diferents conformacions estructurals i materials, des d’estats solubles a auto-assemblatges, com condensats líquids o amiloides. L’agregació de proteïnes s’ha associat a diverses malalties humanes, però es desconeix l’impacte de les mutacions en la conformació estructural i la toxicitat a la cèl·lula, degut a que els mètodes de mutagènesi actuals són a petita escala, tant in vitro com in vivo. Aquí, he desenvolupat un mètode d’escaneig profund de mutacions (conegut com DMS) per mapar l’agregació de milers de seqüències en paral·lel. He utilitzat aquest mètode sistemàtic en el pèptid amiloide beta (Aβ), com a model clàssic d’amiloide. L’auto-assemblatge d’Aβ en fibres amiloides és característic de la malaltia d’Alzheimer (AD), i mutacions en Aβ amb herència dominant també causen formes minoritàries d’AD familiar (fAD). Quantificant >16,000 variants d’Aβ he generat el primer atles exhaustiu de com les mutacions alteren la nucleació d’amiloides en qualsevol proteïna in vivo. L’atles també representa la primera comparació dels efectes de substitucions, insercions, truncaments i delecions en qualsevol gen humà associat a malaltia. Les variants de qualsevol tipus de mutació que acceleren la nucleació es troben majoritàriament a l’N- terminal d’Aβ, mostrant una organització modular dels efectes de les mutacions al llarg de la seqüència. Sorprenentment i, a diferència de predictors computacionals i altres estudis realitzats prèviament, la quantificació de nucleació in vivo en aquest estudi discrimina acuradament totes les mutacions associades a fAD, suggerint que l’increment de la nucleació d'amiloide és el mecanisme molecular fonamental pel qual les mutacions en Aβ causen fAD. Més enllà de les substitucions, l’atles prioritza moltes variants que incrementen l’agregació i que són candidates a ser patogèniques, proporcionat un recurs per a la futura interpretació clínica de l’impacte de les mutacions. En paral·lel, també he utilitzat un estudi DMS pioner per reportar en l’efecte tòxic de >50,000 mutacions en el domini desordenat de TDP-43, una proteïna associada a l'esclerosi lateral amiotròfica. A més d’identificar que un increment en la hidrofobicitat redueix la toxicitat en cèl·lules de llevat, l’estudi també indica que aquest domini desordenat adopta una estructura secundària dins la cèl·lula. En resum, aquesta tesi proporciona una imatge global de com els canvis en la seqüència modulen l’auto-assemblatge o la toxicitat en les proteïnes. De manera més general, també il·lustra com la tècnica DMS pot il·luminar la relació seqüència-activitat en una proteïna, suggerint que aquest mètode hauria de ser utilitzat sistemàticament en altres seqüències proteiques amb capacitat d’auto-assemblatge.

[eng] Proteins can adopt multiple conformations and material states, from soluble states to self- assemblies, such as liquid condensates or amyloids. Protein aggregation has been associated with many human diseases but how mutations impact protein conformation and cell toxicity is still not fully understood, partially due to the low-throughput connotation of both in vitro and in vivo mutational approaches to date. To address this shortcoming, I developed a Deep Mutational Scanning (DMS) method to report on the aggregation of thousands of sequences in parallel. I applied this systematic approach to the study of the amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide, as a model of classical amyloids. Self-assembly of Aβ into amyloid fibrils is a hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and dominant mutations in Aβ also cause rare familial AD (fAD). By quantifying the effect of >16,000 Aβ variants, we generated the first comprehensive atlas of how mutations alter the nucleation of amyloids by any protein in vivo. The atlas also represents the first comparison of the effects of substitutions, insertions, truncations and deletions in a human disease gene. Variants that increase nucleation from all mutation types are highly enriched in the polar N-terminus of Aβ, revealing a modular organization of mutational effects along the sequence. Strikingly, the in vivo nucleation scores, unlike computational predictors and previous measurements, accurately discriminate all fAD mutations, suggesting that accelerated nucleation is the fundamental molecular mechanism by which mutations cause fAD. Moreover, the atlas prioritizes many variants beyond substitutions that accelerate aggregation and are likely to be pathogenic, providing a resource for future clinical interpretation. In parallel, I have also pioneered the use of DMS to report on cellular toxicity induced by >50,000 mutations in a disordered protein domain, namely the prion-like domain of TDP-43, a protein associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. While identifying increased hydrophobicity as the one feature able to reduce toxicity in yeast cells, this study also revealed that this putatively disordered domain actually adopts secondary structure inside the cell. Overall, my thesis provides a global picture of how sequence changes modulate protein self- assembly or toxicity. More generally, it illustrates the power of DMS in illuminating sequence- to-activity relationships suggesting that this approach should be employed to systematically target other self-assembling protein sequences.

Programa de Doctorat en Biotecnologia / Tesi realitzada a l'Institut de Biotecnologia de Catalunya (IBEC)

Country
Spain
Related Organizations
Keywords

Amyloid, Genètica humana, Mutació (Biologia), Agregación (Química), Proteins, Genética humana, Mutation (Biology), Alzheimer's disease, Ciències de la Salut, 575, Aggregation (Chemistry), Malaltia d'Alzheimer, Human genetics, Enfermedad de Alzheimer, Agregació (Química), Proteínas, Amiloides, Proteïnes, Mutación (Biología)

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selected citations
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This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
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popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
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impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
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