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La reserva cognitiva en el trastorno mental grave

Authors: Amoretti Guadall, Silvia;

La reserva cognitiva en el trastorno mental grave

Abstract

La reserva cognitiva se refiere a la hipotética capacidad del cerebro de hacer frente a la patología con el fin de minimizar la sintomatología. Este concepto surgió en el campo de las demencias y actualmente ha alcanzado un amplio interés en el ámbito de la psiquiatría. Un mayor nivel de reserva cognitiva se ha propuesto como un factor protector relacionado con un inicio más tardío de la psicosis y un mejor pronóstico. Sin embargo, existen escasos artículos que estudien la reserva cognitiva en el trastorno mental grave y no nos consta ninguno longitudinal en una muestra de primeros episodios psicóticos adultos. Una limitación presente en todos los estudios en los que se ha analizado la reserva cognitiva en personas con un trastorno mental grave es que el nivel de reserva ha sido estimado mediante métodos heterogéneos ya que no se dispone de medidas estandarizadas para esta población. El objetivo de la presente tesis es caracterizar la reserva cognitiva en los primeros episodios psicóticos, analizando su capacidad predictiva, las posibles diferencias entre los primeros episodios psicóticos afectivos y no afectivos así como el papel de la reserva cognitiva en función del grupo diagnóstico (afectivo o no afectivo). Asimismo, desarrollar y examinar las propiedades psicométricas de la escala Cognitive Reserve Assessment Scale in Health (CRASH) diseñada para medir la reserva cognitiva en personas con un trastorno mental grave. Los resultados encontrados sugieren la existencia de diferencias clínicas entre los pacientes con un primer episodio psicótico afectivo y no afectivo, que aumentan a los dos años de seguimiento. Al analizar el papel de la reserva cognitiva, se observó un mayor nivel de reserva en los controles sanos respecto al grupo de pacientes. La reserva cognitiva fue capaz de predecir los resultados funcionales, clínicos y cognitivos a nivel basal y a los dos años de seguimiento, ejerciendo un papel diferencial según el diagnóstico (psicosis afectivas o no afectivas). Los resultados del análisis de fiabilidad y validez de la escala CRASH revelaron una consistencia interna alta, con una buena validez convergente. De nuevo, los coeficientes de correlación entre la reserva cognitiva (medida con la CRASH) y el estado clínico, funcional y neuropsicológico fueron diferentes en función del grupo diagnóstico. En conclusión, la reserva cognitiva es clave para comprender los resultados clínicos, funcionales y neuropsicológicos de los pacientes con un primer episodio psicótico y puede ayudar en la implementación de intervenciones personalizadas. Se espera que la escala CRASH permita una evaluación homogénea del concepto de reserva cognitiva en la población psiquiátrica y que esto se traduzca en datos más consistentes, uniformes y replicables.

Cognitive reserve refers to the brain’s capacity to cope with pathology in order to minimize symptoms. The concept of cognitive reserve was developed in the context of dementia and to date has gained wide interest in the field of psychiatry. Higher cognitive reserve is a positive moderator and is associated with a later onset of psychosis and better recovery. However, there are few studies about cognitive reserve and mental disorder and to the best of our knowledge, none of the previous longitudinal studies on cognitive reserve focused on an adult sample of first-episode psychosis. A limitation present in all cognitive reserve studies undertaken on a psychiatric population is that cognitive reserve has been estimated using heterogeneous methods due to the as yet unavailability of a valid instrument to measure cognitive reserve in this population. The objective of this thesis is to characterize cognitive reserve in patients with a first-episode of psychosis, analyzing the differences between two diagnostic groups (affective and non-affective psychoses) and the role of cognitive reserve in each of them. Likewise, to develop and investigate the psychometric properties of the Cognitive Reserve Assessment Scale in Health (CRASH), developed specifically to measure cognitive reserve in people with severe mental illness. The role of cognitive reserve was analyzed and higher scores for cognitive reserve were observed in the control group than in the patient group. The cognitive reserve proxy was able to predict functional, clinical and cognitive outcomes at baseline and at 2-year follow-up in a first episode psychosis sample, playing a differential role according to the diagnosis (affective vs non-affective psychosis). The results of the analysis of reliability and validity of the CRASH scale revealed a strong internal consistency and good convergent validity. In conclusion, cognitive reserve is a key concept in order to understand the clinical, functional and neuropsychological outcomes of patients with a first episode of psychosis and may aid in the implementation of personalized interventions. The CRASH scale is expected to allow for the homogeneous assessment of the concept of cognitive reserve in the psychiatric population.

Programa Doctorat en Biomedicina

Country
Spain
Related Organizations
Keywords

Cognición, Cognition, 616.89, Cognició, Psicosi, Psychoses, Psicosis, Ciències de la Salut

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
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