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TDX (Tesis Doctorals en Xarxa)
Doctoral thesis . 2017
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Recolector de Ciencia Abierta, RECOLECTA
Doctoral thesis . 2017
License: CC BY NC ND
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Factors genètics de susceptibilitat al trastorn per dèficit d’atenció amb hiperactivitat

Authors: Garcia Martínez, Iris;

Factors genètics de susceptibilitat al trastorn per dèficit d’atenció amb hiperactivitat

Abstract

El Trastorn per Dèficit d’Atenció amb Hiperactivitat (TDAH) és un trastorn del neurodesenvolupament caracteritzat per dificultats en el manteniment de l’atenció, i problemes en el control dels impulsos i el nivell d’activitat. Tot i que s’inicia a l’edat infantil, un 15% dels individus segueixen acomplint tots els criteris diagnòstics a l’edat adulta, i al voltant d’un 65% i un 71% presenten formes de remissió parcial, amb persistència de dèficits funcionals o amb símptomes incapacitants, respectivament. S’estima que el TDAH afecta entre el 3-5% dels infants i adolescents, i entre el 2,5-5% dels individus adults. Els dèficits cognitius del trastorn s’han associat a alteracions en els circuits fronto-subcortical-cerebel·lars, afectant principalment els sistemes de neurotransmissió dopaminèrgica, noradrenèrgica i serotoninèrgica. Les teories neurobiològiques se centren en un model dual basat en l’alteració de les funcions executives i el control cognitiu, i les funcions motivacionals i de reforç, tot i que també existeixen evidències sobre la disfunció del processament temporal. El TDAH és un trastorn complex i multifactorial en el que participen factors genètics i ambientals, i que presenta una heretabilitat del 70-80%. S’han descrit més de 20 regions genòmiques associades al trastorn, sent 16p13 i 17p11 les més prometedores; i s’han identificat variants en el número de còpies i polimorfismes de nucleòtid únic (SNP) associats a TDAH. Els gens identificats mitjançant aquestes estratègies codifiquen per a proteïnes que estan implicades, principalment, en diferents sistemes de neurotransmissió, en la formació i l’alliberació de vesícules sinàptiques, en l’adhesió i la senyalització cel·lulars, la lateralització cerebral, o codifiquen per a factors neurotròfics i canals de potassi. L’exposició a factors de risc ambientals, com la dieta, les toxines o els factors psicosocials, així com la seva interacció amb els factors genètics de risc mediada per modificacions epigenètiques, també han estat associats al desenvolupament del trastorn. No obstant, la recerca sobre la base etiològica del TDAH no sempre ha reportat resultats consistents, i resta per clarificar les causes exactes del trastorn i els mecanismes moleculars subjacents a la seva fisiopatologia. En aquest treball de Tesi Doctoral s’ha avaluat el paper de SNPs comuns en la susceptibilitat al TDAH a través d’estudis d’associació poblacionals de tipus cas-control centrats en regions candidates, que inclouen microARNs i alguns dels seus gens diana, així com a través de l’abordatge massiu de variants al llarg de tot el genoma (GWAS). Aquestes aproximacions s’han complementat amb anàlisis d’enriquiment funcional i vies de senyalització cel·lulars i amb estudis d’expressió gènica en cèl·lules mononuclears de sang perifèrica (PBMCs) de subjectes amb TDAH. Aquests abordatges han aportat evidències preliminars sobre l’associació genètica entre el TDAH i els grups miR-183-96-182 i miR-34b/c, i les seves dianes HTR1B, i MET, NOTCH2 i HMGA2, respectivament, així com de la sobre-expressió del miR-34c en PBMCs de subjectes amb el trastorn. Així mateix, s’han aportat evidències suggestives sobre la participació dels gens RNF122 i FBXO33, que codifiquen per a proteïnes amb activitat E3 ubiquitina-ligasa, en la susceptibilitat genètica del TDAH. Aquests resultats recolzen el paper en el TDAH de gens implicats en el desenvolupament i la funció de sistema nerviós central, així com en el sistema ubiquitina-proteosoma. Els estudis inclosos en aquest treball de Tesis contribueixen a l’expansió del coneixement sobre l’etiologia del TDAH, amb l’objectiu de millorar el diagnòstic i la capacitat de pronòstic, i optimitzar les estratègies de prevenció i els abordatges terapèutics, per tal de conduir a una millora en la qualitat de vida dels individus amb TDAH i les seves famílies.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impairment to sustain attention and inability to control impulses and activity level. Despite the childhood-onset of the disorder, 15% of subjects will meet full diagnostic criteria during adulthood, and around 65% and 71% will present partial-remission forms, with persistence of functional impairment and impairing symptoms, respectively. It is estimated to affect around 3-5% of children and adolescents, and 2.5-5% of adults. ADHD cognitive deficits have been associated with disrupted fronto-subcortical-cerebellar circuits, mainly affecting dopaminergic, noradrenergic and serotoninergic neurotransmission systems. Neurobiological theories are focused on a dual model based on the alteration of executive functioning and cognitive control, as well as motivational and reward systems, although additional evidence exists supporting dysfunctional temporal processing. ADHD is a complex and multifactorial disorder, in which both genetic and environmental factors play a role, and which presents a heritability of 70-80%. More than 20 genomic regions have been associated with the disorder, being 16p13 and 17p11 the most promising ones; as well as multiple copy number variants and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP). The genes identified through these strategies encode for proteins mainly involved in neurotransmission, in the formation and release of synaptic vesicles, in cellular adhesion and signalling, and cerebral lateralization, or encode for neurotròfic factors and potassium channels. Exposition to environmental risk factors such as diet, toxins and psychosocial factors, as well as their interaction with genetic risk factors, mediated by epigenetic modifications, is also associated with ADHD development. However, research has not always successfully reported consistent results, and the exact causes of the disorder and the underlying pathophysiological molecular mechanisms remain elusive. In this Doctoral Thesis, the role in ADHD susceptibility of common SNPs has been evaluated through case-control association studies based on candidate genes and regions, including the analysis of microRNAs and some of their target genes, as well as by massive tackling of variants throughout the genome (GWAS). These methodologies have been complemented by functional and cellular pathway enrichment analyses, replication studies and meta-analyses, and gene expression profiling in peripheral blood mononucleated cells (PBMC) of subjects with ADHD. These approaches have provided preliminary evidence for genetic association between ADHD and miR-183-96-182 and miR-34b/c clusters, as well as with their respective target genes HTR1B, and MET, NOTCH2 and HMGA2. In addition, overexpression of miR-34c was identified in PBMCs of subjects with the disorder. Suggestive evidence was also provided for the involvement in ADHD of RNF122 and FBXO33 genes in ADHD genetic susceptibility, which encode for proteins with E3 ubiquitin-ligase activity. These results support the role in ADHD of genes involved in central nervous system development and function, and in the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. The studies included in this Doctoral Thesis contribute to the expansion of knowledge on ADHD aetiology, with the aim of improving diagnosis and prognosis, as well as optimizing prevention strategies and therapeutic approaches, in order to lead to a better quality of life of ADHD individuals and their families.

Country
Spain
Keywords

Asocación, Association, Ciències Experimentals, Associació, Genetics, TDAH, Genética, Genètica, 575

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
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