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El patronazgo español en la Cerdeña barroca: arte, poder y devoción

Authors: Caredda, Sara;

El patronazgo español en la Cerdeña barroca: arte, poder y devoción

Abstract

El hilo conductor de la tesis doctoral es el análisis del fenómeno del patronazgo español en Cerdeña en época barroca, a partir de las obras de arte que encargaron los virreyes y obispos de la isla. Estos personajes, escogidos directamente por el rey por su probada fidelidad a la Corona, formaban la élite que gozaba de la mayor visibilidad política y económica a nivel local. Conocedores del valor del arte como instrumento de poder, algunos de ellos patrocinaron importantes empresas artísticas durante su estancia sarda, como la decoración de iglesias y capillas, la ejecución de monumentos funerarios, el encargo de pinturas y esculturas para sus residencias particulares o la organización de fiestas efímeras. Algunas de estas obras, por su gran envergadura, son consideradas unánimemente como los ejemplos más interesantes de barroco en Cerdeña, por lo cual no son inéditas. Al contrario, a lo largo de las últimas décadas se han hecho avances importantes en su conocimiento, sobre todo gracias a una serie de estudios estilísticos y documentales que han permitido fecharlas e identificar sus autores. No obstante, faltaba una investigación que hiciese hincapié en su contenido intelectual, vinculándolas a los personajes que las patrocinaron y explorando de manera sistemática aspectos como su deseo de expresar riqueza o poder, la propaganda religiosa o política, la identidad nacional o cultural, etc. El objetivo principal de la tesis, pues, ha sido el de realizar un estudio de conjunto que abarque la labor de promoción artística de los patronos más importantes que residieron en Cerdeña, trazando una visión panorámica y evaluando el peso del arte que se hizo por su encargo. Por ello, el fundamento de la investigación se encuentra en los estudios de patronazgo artístico, que reivindican el papel del comitente en la gestación de la obra de arte, y las teorías que interpretan la imagen como documento histórico o testimonio visual, cuyo principal representante es Peter Burke. El diseño metodológico se ha desarrollado a través de dos fases paralelas. La primera ha consistido en la observación atenta y minuciosa de las obras, que ha sido acompañada por un riguroso análisis iconográfico-iconológico, para “leer” correctamente su significado simbólico. La segunda se ha resuelto en un trabajo de búsqueda y consulta de documentación primaria y secundaria relacionada con los patronos. Una vez recogidos los datos, se ha realizado una operación de análisis crítico para establecer los vínculos entre los materiales encontrados y las obras de arte. El trabajo de campo se ha realizado inicialmente utilizando los recursos disponibles en la ciudad de Barcelona, extendiéndose posteriormente a varios archivos y bibliotecas de ciudades como Cagliari, Madrid, Toledo, Ávila, Génova, Roma, Nápoles y Palermo. Es decir, teniendo en cuenta el perfil internacional de los patronos estudiados, que a lo largo de sus carreras políticas y eclesiásticas eran desplazados en distintos territorios bajo dominio español, se ha tratado fundamentalmente de ir siguiendo sus pasos. La decisión de centrar las búsquedas documentales en torno a las figuras de los comitentes, y no únicamente en los artistas, como se había hecho en la práctica totalidad de las investigaciones anteriores, ha permitido localizar numerosas fuentes inéditas que han ayudado en el proceso de lectura de la imagen y al mismo tiempo han revelado que los casos de patronazgo español en Cerdeña fueron más numerosos de los que se conservan hoy en día. La puesta en común de los casos particulares ha permitido apreciar la diversidad de los intereses artísticos de los virreyes y obispos estudiados, pero a la vez identificar divergencias y convergencias entre sus políticas culturales y, tras la correspondiente evaluación crítica, delinear unas tendencias comunes y proponer un modelo interpretativo del fenómeno del patronazgo español en Cerdeña.

This thesis analyses the artistic policy of the most important patrons who lived in Sardinia during the Baroque age: the viceroys and the Spanish bishops. During their stay in Cagliari, these aristocrats, chosen by the king for their loyalty to the Crown, promoted and supported many different forms of visual arts. Some of them concentrated on embellishing the town’s cathedral and royal palace, others made important donations to churches, others promoted the ephemeral arts and others acquired paintings, sculptures, relics or devotional objects that afterwards they brought with them back to Spain. Recently several stylistic and documentary studies have been published on these artworks, allowing to date them and to identify their authors. However, most researchers have focused their attentions on the artists, so that very little was known about their clients. The principal aim of the thesis, thus, is to propose an overall reflection on Spanish patronage in Sardinia. As far as the methodology is concerned, the research process started by observing and examining the artworks using the iconographic-iconological method, in order to investigate their intellectual and symbolic meaning. Afterwards, I carried out a meticulous research of primary and secondary sources related to the patrons, with the purpose of proposing a new approach to their artistic interests and establishing the links between their political and ecclesiastical career and the artworks they commissioned. The data collection process began in the archives and libraries of Barcelona. The second step was extending the research to other cities, such as Cagliari, Madrid, Toledo, Avila, Genova, Rome, Naples and Palermo. In fact, the Spanish viceroys and bishops were often displaced in different territories within the Spanish empire. In order to fully understand their artistic commissions, thus, it is necessary to “follow their footsteps” and consult widely scattered sources. Finally I analysed and compared the data with the purpose of offering a panoramic view of the artistic policy of viceroys and bishops. The analysis of individual case studies shows diversities, but at the same times reveals similarities within their artistic interests, allowing proposing an interpretative model of the phenomenon of Spanish patronage in Sardinia.

Country
Spain
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Keywords

Virreis, 93, Cerdeña (Italia), Art barroc, Viceroys, Ciències Humanes i Socials, Arte barroco, Bishops, Sardinia (Italy), Sardenya (Itàlia), Obispos, Bisbes, Baroque art, Virreyes

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popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
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influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
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impulse
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