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TDX (Tesis Doctorals en Xarxa)
Doctoral thesis . 2016
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Doctoral thesis . 2016
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De la raza a la nación, de la tierra al país. Comunitarismo y nacionalismo en el movimiento mapuche, 1910 - 2010

Authors: Naguil Gómez, Víctor;

De la raza a la nación, de la tierra al país. Comunitarismo y nacionalismo en el movimiento mapuche, 1910 - 2010

Abstract

La tesis explica la emergencia de un movimiento nacional mapuche a partir de 1990 y los cambios que supone respecto a las tendencias comunitaristas que han predominado en su seno desde sus orígenes en 1910. Se identifican y analizan cómo han operado algunos factores centrales en el surgimiento de este nacionalismo. La tesis postula que comunitarismo y nacionalismo son dos estrategias políticas distintas. Si bien estas pueden tener similares puntos de partida y compartir algunos de sus caminos, se distancian en sus objetivos finales. El nacionalismo es siempre una estrategia territorialista que busca autocentrar y materializar la vida política de la nación reivindicada en su propio territorio. Mientras el nacionalismo integra la contradicción centro-periferia, el comunitarismo se apoya exclusivamente en el clivaje grupo dominado-grupo dominante. El comunitarismo, sobre todo político, puede aspirar a la obtención de un órgano político colectivo, pero siempre prescinde del territorio propio como base real del autogobierno. Se postula como hipótesis explicativa que el nacionalismo surge en el movimiento mapuche como resultado de un proceso político estratégico en un contexto de restringidas condiciones nacionales y una ampliación de las condiciones sociales, junto a la presencia de restringidas oportunidades políticas estatonacionales y una ampliación de las oportunidades internacionales. Así, el nacionalismo mapuche está más vinculado a transformaciones sociales y políticas que a procesos de revitalización étnica. Para el desarrollo de las hipótesis se propone un modelo en que la variable dependiente, el cambio del comunitarismo al nacionalismo, es el resultado de la influencia que ejercen dos conjuntos de variables independientes. Por una parte, unas determinadas condiciones estructurales, nacionales y sociales, y por otra unas oportunidades políticas, estatonacionales e internacionales. Las condiciones estructurales y las oportunidades políticas influyen tanto sobre las estructuras de movilización (tipo de organización y repertorio de movilización) como en los marcos interpretativos del movimiento (conceptos medulares, ideas articuladoras y objetivos políticos). Las variaciones (aunque lentas) de las condiciones estructurales y la aparición de oportunidades políticas, hacen que se vayan reconfigurando los componentes de las estructuras de movilización y del marco interpretativo del movimiento, reflejando el paso del comunitarismo al nacionalismo. Aplicando una perspectiva institucionalista histórica al caso mapuche, el análisis articula tres conjunto de teorías: 1) las relativas al comunitarismo y nacionalismo; 2) las que explican la formación de clivajes, asociadas a la expansión del Estado-nación, el desarrollo económico y la modernización; y 3) las teorías sobre las oportunidades políticas, estructuras de movilización y marcos interpretativos, relativas a los movimientos sociales.

The thesis explains the emerge of a Mapuche national movement from 1990, and the changes that this has involved, if looking at the communitarian tendencies that predominated at the centre of its origins in 1910. The thesis proposes that communitarianism and nationalism are two different political strategies. Although they may have similar starting points and share the same path to some extend, they part from one another when it comes to their final objectives. Nationalism is always a territorial strategy that aims to self-centre and materialize the political life of the claimed nation in its own territory. Whereas nationalism integrates the contradiction between centre and periphery, communitarianism leans exclusively on de cleavage between dominated group and dominating group. Communitarianism, specially political, can aspire to obtain a collective political organism, but it always lacks its own territory as the base of real self-government. It is proposed as an explanatory hypothesis that nationalism rises in the Mapuche movement as the result of a strategical political process in a context of restricted national conditions and an increase of the social conditions, together with the presence of the restricted state-nationalist political opportunities and an increase of the international opportunities. Therefore, Mapuche nationalism is more linked to social and political transformations, than to processes of ethnic revitalization. For the development of the hypotheses, the proposed model is one where the dependent variable and the shift from communitarianism to nationalism is the result of the influence of two groups of independent variables. On the one hand, some determined national and social structural conditions, and on the other hand, state-national and international political opportunities. The structural conditions and the political opportunities influence the mobilization structures (type of organization and repertoire of mobilization) and the frames of interpretation of the movement (core concepts, articulatory ideas and political objectives). The variations (though slow) of the structural conditions and the appearing of political opportunities, reconfigure the components of the structures of mobilization and of the frame of interpretation of the movement, reflecting the transition from communitarianism to nationalism. By applying a historic institutionalist perspective to the Mapuche case, the analysis articulates three groups of theories: 1) relatives to communitarianism and nationalism; 2) those that explain the formation of cleavages, associated to the expansion of the State-nation, economic development and modernization; and 3) the theories concerning political opportunities, structures of mobilization and the frames of interpretation, relative to social movements.

Country
Spain
Keywords

Nationalism, Moviment maputxe, Ciències Socials, Nacionalisme, Communitarianism, Nacionalismo, Movimiento mapuche, Mapuche movement, Comunitarisme, Comunitarismo, 32

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
Average
Green