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El vi a l'antic Egipte

Authors: Guasch i Jané, Maria Rosa;

El vi a l'antic Egipte

Abstract

[cat] La documentació més antiga i extensa sobre la viticultura i l'elaboració del vi prové d'Egipte. on des de fa sis mil anys la vinya ja es cultivava al Delta del Nil. Malgrat això, el seu estudi històric i arqueològic encara presenta aspectes desconeguts. Amb el desenvolupament de les tècniques analítiques, tenim les eines per intentar conèixer les llacunes d'una part de la cultura de la civilització mediterrània més antiga: la cultura del vi a l'antic Egipte. El vi era un producte de prestigi a Egipte que consumien les classes benestants i la família reial. Des del Període Pre-dinàstic [4.000-3.150 aC] a les tombes egípcies s'hi dipositaven àmfores de vi com a ofrena per tal que el mort en pogués disposar també en el Més Enllà. Gràcies a què l'elaboració del vi es troba representada en escenes pintades a les parets de les tombes, podem conèixer com el preparaven. Durant el Regne Nou [1.543-1.078 aC] les àmfores s'identificaven de la mateixa manera com ara es fa amb les ampolles de vi. El nom del producte que trobem és vi [irp], però curiosament mai s'indicava si era blanc o negre. També existia un altre tipus de beguda anomenada Shedeh, que no té traducció, i de la qual no es coneix la seva matèria primera. És a partir d'aquestes omissions on s'inicia aquest estudi. Els objectius del treball són: 1. Realitzar un estudi bibliogràfic sobre la viticultura i l'enologia a l'antic Egipte. 2. Verificar analíticament la presència de vi en àmfores de l'antic Egipte. - Realitzar anàlisis de l'àcid tartàric, compost característic del vi, en mostres procedents d'àmfores egípcies. - S'estudiaran àmfores d'entre tres i cinc mil anys d'antiguitat de les col·leccions del Museu Egipci del Caire i del Departament de l'Antic Egipte i Sudan del Museu Britànic de Londres. 3. Investigar quin vi s'elaborava a Egipte, blanc o negre. - Posar a punt un nou mètode per a la determinació de marcadors de vi en mostres arqueològiques. - Realitzar anàlisis de residus trobats a l'interior d'àmfores egípcies. 4. Conèixer quina era la matèria primera del producte que els antics egipcis guardaven en àmfores i anomenaven Shedeh. - Realitzar anàlisis d'un residu trobat a l'interior d'una àmfora inscrita Shedeh per saber si aquest s'elaborava a partir de raïm. RESULTATS I APLICACIONS Mitjançant el nou mètode d'anàlisi de residus arqueològics per LC/MS/MS es pot demostrar la presència de vi en mostres arqueològiques [tant rascades de la ceràmica com residus secs dipòsits] identificant l'àcid tartàric. El mètode és adequat en l'estudi de mostres arqueològiques per la seva alta sensibilitat i gran selectivitat. La quantitat necessària per l'anàlisi és de només 2 mg. S'ha demostrat per primer cop en mostres arqueològiques que, mitjançant una oxidació alcalina l'àcid siríngic procedent de la malvidina, present en raïms i vins negres joves, s'allibera del polímer complex format al llarg del temps i es pot establir com a marcador de vi negre en residus arqueològics. Per primera vegada, s'ha estudiat el color del vi mitjançant la identificació de dos compostos marcadors de vi en arqueologia: l'àcid tartàric i l'àcid siríngic. Aquest treball també ha permès conèixer que a l'antic Egipte, durant la Dinastia XVIII [1.543-1.292 aC], s'elaborava vi blanc i vi negre, ambdós sota la mateixa denominació: irp. També s'ha pogut constatar que la matèria primera de la beguda egípcia Shedeh era el raïm negre. NOTA: Aquesta tesi ha estat publicada en suport paper per l'editorial Archaeopress: (http://www.archaeopress.com/searchBar.asp?QuickSearch=Guasch)

[eng] Wine was a highly appreciated drink in Ancient Egypt. Since the Early Dynastic period (3150-2900 BC), wine jars were placed in royal tombs as funerary meals. Wine offerings to deities performed by the Pharaoh were often shown on the walls of Egyptian temples. From the Old Kingdom period (2700-2200 BC,) Egyptian private tombs were decorated with daily scenes like the grape harvest and the winemaking. The color of the wine was not referred to on texts, papyrus or inscriptions on amphorae. A new method for the identification of tartaric acid, as a wine marker, and for the first time syringic acid, as a red wine marker, in archaeological samples from Egyptian vessels has been developed. The technique used combines the liquid chromatography with the mass spectrometry in tandem (LC/MS/MS). Owing to the special characteristics of the samples, such as the dryness and the small quantity available for analysis, it was necessary the method to be very sensitive and highly specific to detect these compounds at trace levels in the residues. Samples of residues found in wine jars belonging to king Tutankhamun's collection, at the Egyptian Museum in Cairo, have been analyzed. The results reveal that red and white wines were made at the end of the 18th Dynasty (about 1400 BC). Moreover, the botanical origin of the "shedeh" drink has been studied using the new method for archaeological samples. The analysis of a residue inside a well-preserved shedeh amphora from Tutankhamun's Burial chamber, revealed that the "shedeh" drink was made from red grapes, confirming the characteristic of "shedeh" was its particular elaboration. NOTE: Doctoral dissertation published in English by Archaeopress, "Wine in Ancient Egypt: a Cultural and Analytical Study", British Archaeological Reports, Internationl Series 1851, Oxford 2008, iX-72 p. http://www.archaeopress.com/searchBar.asp?QuickSearch=Guasch

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Spain
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Keywords

Enologia, Antropologia de l'alimentació, 663/664, Viticulture, 90, Viticultura, Wine, 634, Cultura de l'Egipte antic, Ciències de la Salut, New Kingdom, Egipte, Wine and wine making, Vi, Egypt, Civilitzacions mediterrànies antigues, Nutritional anthropology, Història dels aliments, Regne Nou

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popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
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This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
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