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Micrometástasis en el ganglio centinela axilar por cáncer de mama. ¿Es necesaria la linfadenectomía axilar completa?

Authors: Solá Suárez, Montserrat;

Micrometástasis en el ganglio centinela axilar por cáncer de mama. ¿Es necesaria la linfadenectomía axilar completa?

Abstract

El significado de la micrometástasis en el ganglio centinela en el control de la enfermedad en las pacientes con cáncer de mama en estadio inicial se plantea como cuestión emergente desde finales de los años 90. Varios estudios observacionales permiten adivinar un escaso valor de la micrometástasis en la evolución de la enfermedad loco-regional y a distancia y más dudoso en la supervivencia de las pacientes. La pregunta de investigación permanece y parece necesario un enfoque experimental para darle respuesta. OBJETIVO: Determinar si es necesaria la práctica de una linfadenectomía axilar completa en las pacientes con cáncer de mama en estadio inicial a las que se determina la presencia de una micrometástasis en el ganglio centinela axilar. MÉTODOS: Ensayo clínico prospectivo aleatorizado en dos grupos, uno con pacientes con micrometástasis en el ganglio centinela sometidas a observación clínica (grupo experimental) y otro similar pero con linfadenectomía en un segundo tiempo quirúrgico (grupo control). Las pacientes fueron seguidas detalladamente durante cinco años. Para valorar la calidad de vida se estudió la morbilidad postquirúrgica durante el primer año tras la cirugía. RESULTADOS: Se reclutaron un total de 247 pacientes (14 abandonos): 112 pacientes en el grupo control y 121 en el experimental. En el grupo control, 15 pacientes (13%) resultaron positivas tras la linfadenectomía axilar. El tiempo medio de seguimiento fue de 62 meses. Se observó recurrencia de la enfermedad en 4 pacientes: 1/108 (1%) en el grupo control y 3/119 (2.5%) en el experimental (diferencia en supervivencia libre de enfermedad y riesgo relativo calculados no significativos). No se observaron muertes por enfermedad. Se constataron peores parámetros de morbilidad postquirúrgica en el grupo control. CONCLUSIONES: 1. En las pacientes con cáncer de mama en estadio inicial la biopsia selectiva del ganglio centinela tras hallazgo de una micrometástasis es suficiente para el control de la enfermedad axilar no precisando de una linfadenectomía completa en la mayoría de los casos. 2. Los parámetros de supervivencia global y de supervivencia libre de enfermedad en el grupo de pacientes con biopsia selectiva del ganglio centinela, en comparación con el grupo de pacientes sometidas a linfadenectomía axilar completa, son iguales. 3. La incidencia de enfermedad axilar residual tras el hallazgo de una micrometástasis es baja. 4. La biopsia del ganglio centinela se asocia a una menor morbilidad en la extremidad ipsilateral y a una mejor calidad de vida de las pacientes, en comparación con la disección axilar completa.

To date, many reports have suggested that selective Sentinel Node (SN) biopsy only could be used to manage early breast cancer. However, definitive prove is lacking. AIM: To prove that in early breast cancer patients with a SN biopsy showing micrometastases, refraining from completion axillary lymph-node dissection (ALND) is enough to produce the same prognostic information and disease control as proceeding with completion ALND. METHODS: A randomized prospective clinical trial was devised with two arms. In one arm, patients with SN micrometastases were subject to clinical follow-up (experimental arm). In the other arm, patients were submitted for completion ALND (control arm). All patients were evaluated for recurrence and survival. RESULTS: A total of 247 patients were entered (14 withdrawals): 112 patients in the control arm and 121 in the experimental arm. In the control arm, 15 (13%) completion ALND turned out positive (low burden). Mean time follow-up was 62 months. Four patients recurred: 1/108 (1%) in the control arm and 3/119 (2.5%) in the experimental arm. No differences in disease-free survival were found (p=0.325). No cancer related deaths were seen. Morbidity was more common in the control arm. CONCLUSIONS: Our results strongly suggest that in early breast cancer patients with micrometastasis, selective SN biopsy is enough to provide for loco-regional and distant disease control, without significant deleterious effects on survival.

Keywords

Micrometastasis, 617, Ganglio centinela, cáncer de mama, Ciències de la Salut

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
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