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Toxicidade de drogas anticolinesterásicas terapêuticas em D. magna

Authors: Rocha, Rui Jorge Alves;

Toxicidade de drogas anticolinesterásicas terapêuticas em D. magna

Abstract

Este estudo consistiu no estudo dos efeitos toxicológicos de dois fármacos, a neostigmina e a piridostigmina, que têm como efeito terapêutico uma inibição reversível da actividade da acetilcolinesterase, sendo utilizados no tratamento de uma patologia humana, a Miastenia grave. Sendo a função da transmissão nervosa relativamente conservada em organismos vertebrados e invertebrados, a exposição a estes compostos poderá causar efeitos em organismos não alvo, caso atinjam os ecossistemas aquáticos. De forma a avaliar este risco potencial, foram estudadas as respostas agudas (imobilização e comportamento alimentar) e crónicas (reprodução e crescimento) de Daphnia magna exposta a diferentes concentrações destes dois compostos. Com este trabalho foi possível obter valores de EC50 - 48 h (ensaio de imobilização) de 167,7 μg L-1 para a neostigmina e 91,3 μg L-1 para a piridostigmina. No ensaio de actividade colinesterásica foi determinado um IC50 - 48 h < 2,62 e 4,5 μg L-1 para a neostigmina e piridostigmina, respectivamente. Ao nível do comportamento alimentar, os EC50 - 5 h obtidos para as taxas de filtração foram de 7,1 e < 1,45 μg L-1, para a neostigmina e piridostigmina, respectivamente; para as taxas de ingestão foram respectivamente 7,5 e < 1,45 μg L-1. Relativamente aos ensaios crónicos de avaliação de efeitos ao nível da reprodução obteve-se um LOEC de 41,93 μg L-1 e de 11,40 μg L-1 para a neostigmina e piridostigmina, respectivamente; ao nível da taxa intrínseca de crescimento e do tamanho dos neonatos da primeira ninhada obteve-se um LOEC de 41,93 μg L-1 para a neostigmina. Por fim, o crescimento somático revelou ser o parâmetro mais sensível nas exposições crónicas, obtendo-se LOECs de 20,97 μg L-1 e 2,85 μg L-1 para a neostigmina e piridostigmina, respectivamente). Estes resultados demonstram que estes compostos são extremamente tóxicos em D. magna, a concentrações na ordem dos μg L-1. A comparação dos resultados obtidos com os níveis de concentração ambientais de piridostigmina sugerem um risco ao nível do comportamento alimentar de D. magna. No entanto deve-se ter em consideração que no ambiente estes compostos podem existir em associação com outros anticolinesterásicos podendo, apresentar efeitos tóxicos mais pronunciados.

This study assessed the toxicological effects of two drugs, neostigmine and pyridostigmine, whose therapeutic effects consist on a reversible inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity, and have thus been used to treat the human disease known as Myasthenia gravis. Being the function of the nervous transmission relatively conserved in vertebrate and invertebrate organisms, exposure to these compounds could exert noxious effects in non-target organisms, whenever these drugs are present in aquatic ecosystems. In order to assess this potential risk we studied the acute (immobilization and feeding behaviour) and chronic (growth and reproduction) responses of Daphnia magna exposed to different concentrations of the two compounds. With this work, it was possible to obtain 48 h EC50 values (immobilization assay) 167.7 μg L-1 for neostigmine and 91.3 μg L-1 for pyridostigmine. Regarding cholinesterase activity, we determined an IC50 - 48 h of < 2.62 and 4.5 μg L-1 for neostigmine and pyridostigmine, respectively. In terms of feeding behavior, it was possible to calculate an EC50 - 5 h for filtration rates of 7.1 and < 1.45 μ/L for neostigmine and pyridostigmine, respectively; for the ingestion rates, these were respectively 7.5 and < 1.45 μg L-1. In order to evaluate effects on reproduction, chronic tests were performed and the LOEC concerning fecundity was 41.93 μg L-1 and 11.40 μg L-1 for neostigmine and pyridostigmine, respectively; the intrinsic rate of increase and the size of the first brood were affected at a LOEC level of 41.93 μg L-1 for neostigmine. Finally, the somatic growth rate was also impacted, and effects were observed at lower concentrations, with the LOECs being 20.97 μg L-1 and 2.85 μg L-1 for neostigmine and pyridostigmine, respectively. These results demonstrate that these compounds are extremely toxic in D. magna at concentrations in the order of μg L-1. A comparison of the results obtained with actual concentration values of pyridostigmine can pose at risk the feeding behavior of D. magna populations. However, it should be considered that in the environment, these compounds are potentially associated with other anticholinesterase substances, thus potentially exerting more pronounced effects.

Mestrado em Biologia Aplicada - Toxicologia e Ecotoxicologia

Country
Portugal
Related Organizations
Keywords

Ecotoxicologia, Ecossistemas aquáticos - Contaminação, Medicamentos - Impacto ambiental, Toxicologia

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
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