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(In)fertilidade masculina: como avaliar e potencial relação com o microbioma do sémen humano

Authors: Gomes, Andreia Filipa da Silva;

(In)fertilidade masculina: como avaliar e potencial relação com o microbioma do sémen humano

Abstract

A infertilidade constitui um desafio de saúde global, estando o fator masculino envolvido em cerca de metade dos casos. Ademais, tem-se verificado um aumento da procura por tratamentos de Procriação Medicamente Assistida (PMA) ao longo dos anos, evidenciando a relevância de melhor compreender as diferentes causas subjacentes à infertilidade e, neste contexto, o papel do elemento masculino no casal infértil. Tendo em vista este objetivo, a dissertação foi desenvolvida em duas fases complementares: um estágio numa clínica de fertilidade e uma componente de investigação em ambiente académico. A componente de estágio decorreu na clínica Ferticentro e proporcionou um contacto mais direto com a realidade de um ambiente clínico especializado em tratamentos de infertilidade e com a sua rotina laboratorial, fornecendo a oportunidade de observar e realizar espermogramas e procedimentos de criopreservação. Possibilitou ainda o contacto com algumas metodologias emergentes para avaliação de espermatozoides, complementares à análise tradicional, bem como o conhecimento de alguns aspetos éticos e legais associados à PMA em Portugal. Contudo, numa fração relevante dos casos de infertilidade não é possível apontar uma causa (idiopatia). Neste contexto, tem-se vindo a investigar outras causas potenciais, emergindo o microbioma reprodutivo como uma delas. Recentemente, a utilização de metodologias de Sequenciação de Nova Geração (SNG) permitiu uma análise mais rápida e abrangente das comunidades microbianas. A literatura existente defende que o sémen alberga uma comunidade microbiana complexa e diversificada, mesmo em indivíduos férteis e saudáveis. Ademais, sugere-se que diferentes comunidades microbianas poderão influenciar parâmetros seminais e espermáticos e, consequentemente, o potencial reprodutivo masculino. Não obstante, o estudo do microbioma seminal está ainda numa fase embrionária. Neste sentido, a componente de investigação teve como objetivo contribuir para o conhecimento nesta área mediante caracterização da composição do microbioma seminal e exploração de possíveis relações com parâmetros seminais e espermáticos. Para tal, foram utilizadas amostras de sémen criopreservadas, a partir das quais se extraiu DNA microbiano com kits comerciais, seguido de SNG de amplicons do gene 16S rRNA. Ainda que apenas duas amostras tenham sido sequenciadas, foi possível detetar 139 variantes de sequência de amplicons (ASVs) e os resultados obtidos corroboraram a literatura, mostrando que o sémen, embora contenha pouca biomassa microbiana, não é estéril e apresenta uma comunidade diversificada. Foram ainda identificados três géneros não documentados em sémen humano: Fastidiosipila, S5-A14a e W5053. Além disso, a análise dos dados recolhidos revelou que cerca de 60,2% dos pacientes inférteis são não-normozoospérmicos, sendo a teratozoospermia responsável por 41,8% do total de casos.

Infertility represents a global health challenge, with the male factor being involved in approximately half of all cases. Moreover, there has been an increasing demand for Medically Assisted Reproduction (MAR) treatments over the years, highlighting the importance of better understanding the various underlying causes of infertility and, in this context, the role of the male partner within the infertile couple. With this objective in mind, the dissertation was developed in two complementary phases: an internship in a fertility clinic and a research component in an academic setting. The internship component took place at the Ferticentro clinic and provided more direct exposure to the reality of a clinical environment specialised in infertility treatments and its laboratory routine, offering the opportunity to observe and perform spermograms and cryopreservation procedures. Furthermore, it enabled contact with emerging methodologies for sperm evaluation, complementary to the traditional analyses, as well as insight into certain ethical and legal aspects associated with MAR in Portugal. However, in a relevant proportion of infertility cases, no identifiable cause can be determined (idiopathic infertility). In this context, other potential causes have been investigated, with reproductive microbiomes emerging as one of them. Recently, the use of Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) methodologies has enabled a faster and more comprehensive analysis of microbial communities. The existing literature supports that semen harbours a complex and diverse microbial community, even in fertile and healthy individuals. Moreover, it has been suggested that different microbial communities may influence classical seminal and sperm parameters, and consequently, male reproductive potential. Nevertheless, the study of the seminal microbiome remains at an early stage. In this context, the research component aimed to contribute to knowledge in this field by characterising the composition of the seminal microbiome and exploring potential associations with seminal and sperm parameters. For this purpose, cryopreserved semen samples were used, from which microbial DNA was extracted using commercial kits, followed by NGS of 16S rRNA gene amplicons. Although only two samples were sequenced, 139 amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) were detected, and the results corroborated the literature, demonstrating that semen, despite containing a low microbial biomass, is not sterile and presents a diverse microbial community. Three genera not previously documented in human semen were also identified: Fastidiosipila, S5-A14a, and W5053. Additionally, the analysis of the collected data revealed that approximately 60.2% of infertile patients were non-normozoospermic, with teratozoospermia accounting for 41.8% of all cases.

Mestrado em Biologia Aplicada

Country
Portugal
Related Organizations
Keywords

Espermatozoides, Extração de DNA, Sequenciação de nova geração, Microbiota, Espermograma, Gene 16S rRNA, ASV

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
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