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Zostera noltei as a nature-based solution for the restoration of degraded estuarine ecosystems

Authors: Oliveira, Vitor Hugo Pessoa;

Zostera noltei as a nature-based solution for the restoration of degraded estuarine ecosystems

Abstract

Este trabalho teve como objetivo validar o uso da erva marinha Zostera noltei como uma Solução baseada na Natureza (SbN) para o restauro ecológico de zonas historicamente contaminadas com metais. As condições ambientais únicas e o gradiente de contaminação presentes numa baía interior da Ria de Aveiro proporcionaram uma oportunidade ideal para avaliar o potencial da Z. noltei como ferramenta ecológica para o restauro de ecossistemas degradados. Para atingir este objetivo, foi inicialmente desenvolvido um estudo laboratorial para avaliar a sobrevivência e resistência da erva marinha à contaminação dos sedimentos da zona alvo. Este estudo preliminar foi essencial para compreender o comportamento da planta e mitigar potenciais danos nas pradarias de ervas marinhas dadoras, caso as plantas não tolerassem a contaminação presente no local a restaurar. As plantas mostraram-se resistentes à contaminação e sem alterações na eficiência fotossintética, validando o potencial uso de Z. noltei como uma ferramenta de restauro. A fase seguinte da tese, após validação em mesocosmos, foi um estudo piloto de transplante de ervas marinhas na zona degradada. O transplante iniciou-se em 2020 e foi bem-sucedido, verificando-se que as ervas-marinhas se adaptaram eficazmente às novas condições, com um aumento da área de cobertura e da biomassa ao longo do tempo. Em 2024, foram identificadas manchas espontâneas em torno da área de transplante, sugerindo um processo natural de recuperação através de reprodução sexuada (produção e dispersão de sementes) com origem no transplante piloto. Além disso, foi observado que, apenas três meses após o transplante, a presença de Z. noltei alterou significativamente a biogeoquímica dos sedimentos contaminados, reduzindo a biodisponibilidade de mercúrio na água intersticial das camadas superficiais dos sedimentos em até 40%. Adicionalmente, a análise das respostas metabólicas e da eficiência fotossintética das ervas marinhas transplantadas ao longo do tempo indicou que a presença de contaminantes não prejudicou o seu desempenho, funcionamento ou crescimento. A introdução desta erva marinha na área historicamente contaminada também trouxe benefícios para a fauna local, nomeadamente para as espécies bentónicas Scrobicularia plana e Hediste diversicolor, cujos processos de bioacumulação e resposta fisiológica de stress foram diminuídos pela presença das plantas. Globalmente, este trabalho permitiu confirmar o potencial do restauro de ervas marinhas enquanto SbN para a recuperação de ecossistemas contaminados, reforçando a importância do uso sustentável da Natureza para solucionar problemas ambientais complexos.

This work aimed to validate the use of the seagrass Zostera noltei as a Nature-based Solution (NbS) for the ecological restoration of areas historically contaminated with metals. The unique environmental conditions and contamination gradient in an inner bay of the Ria de Aveiro provided an ideal opportunity to assess the potential of Z. noltei as an ecological tool for the restoration of degraded ecosystems. To achieve this objective, a laboratory study was initially conducted to evaluate the survival and resistance of seagrasses to sediment contamination in the target area. This preliminary study was essential to understand the plant’s behaviour and to mitigate potential damage to donor seagrass meadows, in case the plants could not tolerate the contamination present in the area to be restored. The plants proved to be resistant to the contamination and showed no changes in photosynthetic efficiency, validating the potential use of Z. noltei as a restoration tool. The next phase of the thesis, after validation in mesocosms, was a pilot seagrass transplantation study in the degraded area. The transplantation began in 2020 and was successful, with seagrass adapting effectively to the new conditions and showing an increase in coverage area and biomass over time. In 2024, spontaneous patches were identified around the transplantation area, indicating a natural recovery process through sexual reproduction (seed production and dispersal) originated from the pilot transplantation. Furthermore, it was observed that just three months after transplantation, the presence of Z. noltei significantly altered the biogeochemistry of the contaminated sediments, reducing the bioavailability of mercury in the interstitial water of the sediment surface layers by up to 40%. Additionally, the analysis of the metabolic responses and photosynthetic efficiency of the transplanted seagrasses over time indicated that the presence of contaminants did not impair their performance, functioning or growth. The introduction of this seagrass in the historically contaminated area also brought benefits to the local fauna, particularly to the benthic species Scrobicularia plana and Hediste diversicolor, whose bioaccumulation processes and physiological stress responses were reduced by the presence of the plants. Overall, this work confirmed the potential restoring seagrasses as NbS for recovering contaminated ecosystems, reinforcing the importance of the sustainable use of Nature to solve complex environmental problems.

Programa Doutoral em Ciência, Tecnologia e Gestão do Mar

Country
Portugal
Related Organizations
Keywords

Metal(loid)s, Contamination, Rehabilitation, Remediation, Seagrass

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
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