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Recovery and separation of platinum group metals from spent automotive catalytic converters

Authors: Coelho, António José da Rocha;

Recovery and separation of platinum group metals from spent automotive catalytic converters

Abstract

A crescente demanda por metais tornou inevitável o aumento da exploração mi-neira causando danos ambientais irreparáveis. Os metais do grupo da platina (PGMs, do inglês “Platinum Group Metals”) são um conjunto de metais de grande interesse económico, os quais estão sinalizados pela União Europeia como matérias-primas de risco. Neste sentido, a reciclagem dos PGMs é urgente e pode ser considerada uma prática sustentável, alinhada aos princípios da economia circular. Os PGMs são em grande parte utilizados pela indústria automóvel para a produção de catalisadores de automóveis (CCCs, do inglês “Car Catalytic Converters”). Assim, neste trabalho é proposta uma nova estratégia baseada em processos hidrometalurgicos para a recuperação de PGMs a partir CCCs usados. No entanto, a extração de metais por hidrometalurgia apre-senta desafios importantes, sendo a procura por meios de lixiviação alternativos crucial para reduzir o impacto ambiental. Este estudo começa com a caraterização e pré-tratamento de CCCs descarta-dos. A extração sólido-líquido foi avaliada recorrendo a soluções salinas de AlCl₃·6H₂O e Al(NO₃)₃·9H₂O, substituindo meios de lixiviação agressivos como a água régia. O efeito de parâmetros como a relação entre AlCl₃·6H₂O e Al(NO₃)₃·9H₂O, temperatura, razão sólido/líquido (S/L) e cinética foram otimizados. A concentração de sais de 35 % (m/m), razão de sais de 1 m/m, razão S/L de 20 m/m, 353 K e 240 min foram consideradas as condições ótimas de lixiviação. A eficiência de lixiviação após otimização foi de 91% para a Pt, sendo que o meio de lixiviação pode ser reutilizado pelo menos cinco vezes. A temperatura apresentou-se como fator decisivo para a eficiência de extração da Pt. Os dados experimentais da cinética foram bem descritos pelo modelo de controlo de reação química. A energia de ativação estimada para esta solução foi de 77.65 kJ·molˉ¹. Após a lixiviação, a separação seletiva dos PGMs foi feita recorrendo a uma resina de troca iónica, Ambersep 900®, apresentando 89% de adsorção para Pt. Os dados experimentais da cinética foram bem descritos pelo modelo de Ho’s, sugerindo a quimissorção como principal mecanismo de adsorção. A tioureia foi utilizada para a recuperação da Pt, de onde se obteve Pt com 98% de pureza. O processo proposto demonstra ser economicamente viável.

The raising demand for metals has led to an inevitable upsurge in mining explo-ration, resulting in significant environmental concerns. Platinum group metals (PGMs) have garnered economic interest due to their classification as critical raw materials (CRMs) by the European Union (EU). In this regard, PGMs recycling can be considered as a pursuit of sustainability, aligned with the principles of a circular economy. PGMs find prominent utilization within the automotive industry for car catalytic converters (CCCs) production. A hydrometallurgy strategy is here proposed as a novel approach for the PGMs recovery from spent CCCs. However, the hydrometallurgical extraction of PGMs poses significant chal-lenges due to its reliance on toxic leaching agents. Therefore, the quest for al-ternative media is essential to mitigate environmental repercussions. The study started with the characterization and pre-treatment of spent CCCs. The solid-liquid extraction was evaluated using an aqueous solution of AlCl₃·6H₂O and Al(NO₃)₃·9H₂O as an inorganic substitute to the more aggressive aqua regia leaching media. The effect of AlCl₃·6H₂O and Al(NO₃)₃·9H₂O ratio, temperature, solid to liquid (S/L) ratio and contact time on PGMs leaching was evaluated. Salts concentration of 35 wt.%, salts ratio of 1 w/w, S/L ratio of 20 w/w, 353 K and 240 min were found to be the optimal leaching conditions. Pt leaching efficiency reached 91% after optimization. The leaching media exhibited reusability for at least five cycles without compromising leaching performance. Temperature emerged as a decisive factor for the PGMs leaching efficiency. The experimental kinetic data were well described by the chemical reaction control model. The activation energy for this media was estimated to be 77.65 kJ·molˉ¹. After leaching, PGMs selective separation, namely Pt, was performed using an ionic exchange resin, Ambersep 900®, presenting 89% sorption capacity. The experimental sorption kinetic data were well described by Ho’s model, suggest-ing chemisorption as the main sorption mechanism. Pt striping was performed using thiourea yielding 98% purity. The proposed process occurs to be econom-ically feasible.

Mestrado em Biotecnologia

Country
Portugal
Related Organizations
Keywords

Circular economy, Sustainability, Hydrometallurgy, Recycling, Waste valorization, Critical metals

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
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