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Hypogonadism and aquaglyceroporins in Sertoli cells

Authors: Nunes, Diana Filipa Cacheira;

Hypogonadism and aquaglyceroporins in Sertoli cells

Abstract

O hipogonadismo masculino é uma patologia hormonal caracterizada por baixos níveis de testosterona plasmática. Sabe-se que a diminuição dos níveis de testosterona circulante está diretamente relacionada com baixos níveis de fertilidade e diminuição da qualidade espermática. As células de Sertoli (SCs) asseguram um ambiente iónico e nutricional adequado para a espermatogénese. São altamente sensíveis a múltiplas hormonas, com vários dos seus transportadores de membrana a serem modulados por oscilações hormonais. O glicerol é um metabolito crucial para a manutenção da barreira hemato-testicular, com concentrações elevadas a terem um impacto negativo na ocorrência da espermatogénese. As aquagliceroporinas, uma subfamília de aquaporinas (AQPs), mediam a passagem do glicerol através das membranas biológicas e sabe-se que a sua atividade pode ser regulada por hormonas. No entanto, os efeitos das alterações hormonais crónicas na expressão e função das AQPs nas SCs ainda não foram totalmente elucidados. Este trabalho visa explorar comparativamente o impacto da desregulação hormonal associada ao hipogonadismo primário e secundário na expressão e função das aquagliceroporinas nas SCs humanas (cultura primária) e de ratinho (linha celular TM4). As SCs foram cronicamente expostas (durante 72 horas) a diferentes concentrações de hormona folículo-estimulante (FSH) e testosterona, mimetizando assim o hipogonadismo primário, o hipogonadismo secundário, e o estado fisiológico. Posteriormente, a expressão genética das AQPs foi avaliada tanto por PCR convencional como quantitativo, a expressão proteica foi avaliada por Western Blot, e a função das AQPs foi avaliada através da análise da permeabilidade membranar ao glicerol através de uma técnica de dispersão de luz (Stopped-Flow Light Scattering, SFLS). Pela primeira vez, fomos capazes de identificar a AQP3 em SCs humanas e a AQP7 em SCs humanas e de ratinho. Além disso, os nossos resultados relativos à abundância relativa de mRNA demonstram que existe um aumento da abundância do gene da AQP7 nas SCs humanas que mimetizam o hipogonadismo secundário relativamente às que estão expostas a condições que mimetizam o hipogonadismo primário. Adicionalmente, foram encontradas correlações positivas entre as AQPs 3 e 9 em contexto mimetizante do ambiente fisiológico em ratinho, entre as AQPs 7 e 9 perante a mimetização do hipogonadismo primário em ratinhos, entre as AQPs 7 e 9 perante o hipogonadismo secundário em humanos, e entre as AQPs 7 e 3 perante o hipogonadismo primário em ambas as espécies. Não se observaram diferenças significativas em relação à expressão da proteína. Não obstante, observaram-se alterações significativas na permeabilidade membranar ao glicerol em SCs tratadas com níveis hormonais que mimetizavam o hipogonadismo primário, tanto em humano como em ratinho, comparativamente à situação fisiológica. Tudo isto sugere que, apesar da natureza preliminar destas descobertas, as AQPs parecem contribuir para a infertilidade em diferentes tipos de hipogonadismo, podendo ser um alvo terapêutico importante em casos de (sub)infertilidade masculina relacionados com alterações hormonais.

Male hypogonadism is a hormonal pathology characterized by low plasma testosterone levels. Decreased circulating testosterone levels are known to be directly related to poor fertility outcomes and decreased sperm quality. Sertoli cells (SCs) ensure an adequate ionic and nutritional environment for spermatogenesis. These cells are highly responsive to multiple hormones, with several of their membrane transporters being modulated by hormonal fluctuations. Glycerol is a metabolite crucial for the maintenance of the blood-testicular barrier, with high concentrations negatively impacting the spermatogenic event. Aquaglyceroporins, a subfamily of aquaporins (AQPs), mediate the passage of glycerol through the biological membranes and their activity is thought to be regulated by hormones. Nevertheless, the effects of chronic hormonal changes on the expression and function of AQPs in SCs have not yet been fully elucidated. This work aims to explore comparatively the impact of hormonal dysregulation associated with primary and secondary hypogonadism in the expression and function of aquaglyceroporins in human and mouse SCs (TM4 cell line). Mouse and human SCs were chronically exposed (during 72 hours) to different concentrations of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and testosterone mimicking primary hypogonadism, secondary hypogonadism, and physiological situation. Then, AQPs gene expression was assessed by conventional PCR and quantitative PCR, AQPs protein expression was assessed by WB and AQPs function by analysis of glycerol membrane permeability via Stopped-Flow Light Scattering (SFLS). For the first time, we were able to identify AQP3 in human SCs and AQP7 in human and mouse SCs. Furthermore, our relative mRNA abundance results demonstrate there is an increased abundance of AQP7 gene in human SCs that are exposed to conditions mimicking secondary hypogonadism relative to SCs that are exposed to conditions mimicking primary hypogonadism. Additionally, positive correlations were found between AQPs 3 and 9 in a mimicking context of the physiological environment in mice, between AQPs 7 and 9 in the face of primary hypogonadism mimicking in mice, between AQPs 7 and 9 in the face of secondary hypogonadism mimicking in humans, and between AQPs 7 and 3 in the face of primary hypogonadism mimicking in both species. No significant differences were observed regarding protein expression. Nevertheless, significant changes in membrane permeability to glycerol were observed in SCs treated with hormone levels that mimicked primary hypogonadism in both human and mouse compared to the physiological situation. All this suggests that, despite the preliminary nature of these findings, AQPs appear to contribute to infertility in different types of hypogonadism and may be an important therapeutic target in cases of male (sub)infertility related to hormonal imbalances.

Mestrado em Biomedicina Molecular

Country
Portugal
Related Organizations
Keywords

Male infertility, Osmoregulation, Hypogonadism, Sertoli cells, Hormonal imbalance, Testosterone, Follicle-stimulating hormone, Aquaporins

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
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