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Metaloporfirinas: síntese e oxidação catalítica de compostos orgânicos com peróxido de hidrogénio

Authors: Rebelo, Susana Luísa Henriques;

Metaloporfirinas: síntese e oxidação catalítica de compostos orgânicos com peróxido de hidrogénio

Abstract

O uso de metaloporfirinas como catalisadores em reacções de oxidação com peróxido de hidrogénio e a sua aplicação na transformação de compostos orgânicos, tem levado à obtenção de métodos eficientes e ecologicamente inócuos, com possível utilização industrial, farmacológica e em síntese química. Estes estudos têm levado ainda a várias considerações sobre os processos de actuação destes catalisadores que originam oxidações muito semelhantes às verificadas in vivo pelo citocromo P450. Neste trabalho, realizaram-se estudos catalíticos comparativos entre metaloporfirinas com vários substituintes, com características atractoras ou doadoras de electrões, e diferentes iões metálicos, Mn(III) e Fe(III). Inicialmente, procedeu-se à optimização das condições de catálise, controlando factores como o co-catalisador, a temperatura, o solvente e a forma de adição do oxidante. Estudou-se a oxidação de Δ4- e Δ5-esteróides e verificou-se que o tipo de epóxido formado, α ou β, era dependente do ião metálico e da estrutura da metaloporfirina. Esta diferença de estereosselectividade foi justificada via intermediário oxo para a epoxidação β e via intermediário peroxo para a epoxidação α. As metaloporfirinas de ferro mostraram ser catalisadores eficientes para a oxidação selectiva de monoterpenos. Foram ainda estudadas as oxidações de alquibenzenos (tolueno, etilbenzeno e cumeno), ciclo-alquilbenzenos (indano e tetralina), assim como hidrocarbonetos aromáticos mono e policíclicos (benzeno, naftaleno, antraceno e fenantreno). A formação dos produtos foi analisada através de estudos de oxidação dos seus potenciais precursores, tendo sido identificadas várias vias reaccionais que podem assumir importâncias diferentes, dependendo do substrato e da estrutura da porfirina. Nestes estudos, observaram-se alguns processos inéditos como os de formação de nitratos na presença de acetato de amónio, a desidrogenação de substratos catalisada por metaloporfirinas e a formação de produtos resultantes de epoxidação aromática. Este último processo constitui um novo método para a síntese eficiente de óxidos de arenos a partir de hidrocarbonetos aromáticos policíclicos, a qual abre importantes perspectivas para estudos biológicos e sintéticos. Descreve-se também a síntese de novos catalisadores baseados em compostos análogos de metaloporfirinas. Realizaram-se estudos catalíticos com associações de metaloporfirinas catiónicas e polioxometalatos, assim como com metaloclorinas substituídas nas posições β,β’ e avaliou-se o seu potencial em catálise oxidativa. Para a caracterização dos produtos de reacção isolados e dos catalisadores sintetizados, utilizaram-se as técnicas de cristalografia de raios X, espectroscopia de ressonância magnética nuclear, espectrometria de massa (EI, FAB), espectrofotometria de UV-Vis e análise elementar. Recorreu-se também a técnicas de RMN bidimensionais, como COSY, HSQC, HMBC, DEPT e NOESY.

The use of metalloporphyrins as catalysts in oxidations by hydrogen peroxide has been studied giving rise to efficient and environmental friendly methods for such transformations of organic substrates. Some results are of industrial, pharmacological and synthetic interest. The mode of action of these catalysts has also been considered and, as a result, it was found a great similarity with the mechanisms described for cytochrome P450 monooxygenase. In the present work a comparative study was carried out on the catalytic performance of several metalloporphyrins carrying different electron withdrawing, or electron donating, substituents and different metallic ions, Mn(III) and Fe(III). The reaction conditions, controlling factors like the cocatalyst, temperature, solvent and mode of addition of oxidant were studied as the first step of the programme. The oxidation of Δ4- and Δ5-steroids was carried out and it was observed the importance of the molecular modelling of the porphyrin as well as the central metal, on controlling the preferential formation of α- or β-epoxides. A mechanistic proposal involving oxo-species for the β-approach and peroxospecies for the α-approach is also discussed. A Fe(III) porphyrin was found to be a very efficient catalyst for the selective oxidation of monoterpenes. Several Mn(III) porphyrins were assessed in the oxidation alkylaromatics (toluene, ethylbenzene and cumene), fused cycloalkylaromatics (indane and tetralin), as well as in the oxidation of aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene, naphthalene, anthracene and phenanthrene). The products were characterized and their formation was justified by studding the oxidation of potential primary precursors. The various pathways observed during the reactions were found to be dependent on the substrate and catalyst structure. Novel processes were observed, namely the formation of nitrate derivatives in the presence of ammonium acetate, the metalloporphyrin also catalysed the dehydrogenation of substrates and the efficient epoxidation of aromatic hydrocarbons. This last process can be a useful procedure for the synthesis of arene oxides directly from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; this might open an important perspective for biological and synthetic studies. It is also described the synthesis of new catalysts based on metalloporphyrin analogues. The catalytic performance of new associations of cationic metalloporphyrins and polioxometalates, as well as of two β,β’ substituted metallochlorins, was tested. The reaction products isolated and the porphyrins synthesised during this work have been characterised by X-ray diffraction, nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectrometry (EI, FAB), UV-vis spectroscopy and elemental analysis. In some cases, especially for the determination of relative configuration of some compounds, several NMR techniques were used, namely COSY, HETCOR or HSQC, HMBC, DEPT and NOESY.

Doutoramento em Química

Country
Portugal
Related Organizations
Keywords

Metaloporfirinas - Síntese química, Catálise oxidativa, Catalisadores, Oxidação, Química

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
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