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Revenue diversification in higher education: the case of Portugal

Authors: Antunes, Tatyana Yuryevna Koryakina;

Revenue diversification in higher education: the case of Portugal

Abstract

As mudanças socioeconómicas, as alterações nas espectativas sociais e novas políticas públicas têm posto uma enorme pressão sobre o financiamento público do ensino superior, trazendo a questão da diversificação do financiamento para o primeiro plano. Diversificação de financiamento, nomeadamente, a geração de receitas próprias de fundos provados, bem como de financiamento competitivo público, tornou-se cada vez mais importante no ensino superior Europeu, devido a um ambiente financeiro complexo e a défice de transferência de inovação. Embora existam numerosos estudos sobre mudanças nos sistemas nacionais de financiamento do ensino superior e mecanismos da distribuição do mesmo, poucos têm-se centrado na questão de diversificação das fontes de financiamento, especialmente no contexto Europeu e também em Portugal. Assim, este estudo pretende explorar a diversificação de financiamento ao nível institucional e sua influência sobre as estruturas organizacionais das universidades. Para este efeito, duas universidades públicas Portuguesas foram escolhidas como estudos de caso. Os dados foram recolhidos através de entrevistas semi-estruturadas com membros de Reitoria e Diretores de Departamentos e Faculdades, bem como da análise documental. A análise de dados mostrou que ambas as universidades encontram-se em processo de institualização e formalização de práticas de diversificação de financiamento, nomeadamente ficando mais profissionais em lidar com agentes externos, tais como as empresas, a comunidade local e os estudantes. No entanto, o estudo também revelou que não há uma estratégia formal, organizada para lidar com a diversificação de financiamento. Em geral, as universidades estão a responder a procura externa, em vez de explorar pró-activamente as oportunidades. Em relação a isto, a análise de dados determinou vários fatores que promovem ou inibem atividades de diversificação de financiamento. Qualidade e cultura organizacional favorável foram nomeadas pelos entrevistados como os fatores mais relevantes a diversificação de financiamento bem-sucedido. Fatores externos, como enquadramento jurídico e condições de financiamento foram citados como principais constrangimentos. O estudo também revelou que as atividades de diversificação de fontes de financiamento tendem a desenvolver ao longo do continuum em direção a maior sofisticação e sistematização das atividades suportadas por uma infraestrutura sólida. Juntamente com os esforços a nível institucional, o papel das políticas governamentais prova ser crucial no fornecimento de ferramentas e incentivos para as instituições do ensino superior e a criação de um sistema de ensino superior harmonioso.

Socio-economic changes, alterations in societal expectations and new public policies have put pressures on higher education public funding, bringing the issue of funding diversification to the forefront. Income diversification, namely, generation of funds from private, as well as from competitive public sources, has become increasingly important in European higher education due to a complex financial environment and perceived deficit of innovation transfer. Although there are numerous studies about changes in national funding systems and allocation mechanisms, few have focused on diversification of funding sources, especially in the European context, making Portugal no exception. Thus, this study aims at exploring income diversification at the institutional level and its influence on the internal organisational structures. For this purpose two Portuguese public universities were chosen as case studies. The empirical material was collected through semi-structured interviews with top management and middle management of each university and through documentary analysis. Data analysis demonstrated that both universities are in the process of institutionalizing and formalising practices of income diversification, notably by getting more professional in how they are dealing with external stakeholders, such as businesses, local community, and students. However, the study also revealed that there is no formal, organised strategy to deal with income diversification. In general, the universities are reacting to external demands rather than pro-actively exploring opportunities. In this respect, the analysis determined several factors that promote or inhibit income diversification activities. Quality and favourable organizational culture were named by the interviewees as the most relevant factors for successful income diversification. External factors such as legal arrangements and funding conditions were cited as major constraints. This research has also revealed that revenue diversification activities tend to develop along the continuum towards higher sophistication and systematisation of activities that are supported by a powerful infrastructure. Together with efforts at the institutional level, the role of government policies proves to be crucial in providing tools and incentives to higher education institutions and creating a harmonious higher education system.

Doutoramento em Ciências Sociais

Country
Portugal
Related Organizations
Keywords

Entrepreneurial university, Funding diversification, Alternative funding sources, Higher education governance, Higher education funding, Third-mission activities, Organisational adaptation, Ciências sociais, Revenue diversification strategies, University management, Higher education, Ensino superior - Portugal, Ensino superior - Financiamento

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
Average
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