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Caraterização dos polissacarídeos da levedura cervejeira excedentária

Authors: Pinto, Mariana Mendes;

Caraterização dos polissacarídeos da levedura cervejeira excedentária

Abstract

Nos últimos tempos, o interesse científico e económico na valorização de subprodutos tem vindo a ocupar um lugar de destaque. A levedura excedentária constitui o segundo maior subproduto da indústria cervejeira, sendo obtidas entre 1,7-2,3 kg de levedura excedentária/1000 L de cerveja produzida. As suas potencialidades não são devidamente aproveitadas, nomeadamente as que podem resultar dos polissacarídeos que fazem parte da sua constituição. De forma a ter uma visão abrangente dos polissacarídeos da levedura excedentária da indústria cervejeira, foi efetuada uma extração sequencial com água quente e soluções alcalinas de 0,1 M a 8 M de KOH. A extração com água quente solubilizou 17 % de carboidratos e as soluções alcalinas de 0,1 M a 1 M solubilizaram apenas 3-5 %. Por sua vez, as extrações com soluções alcalinas fortes permitiram solubilizar uma quantidade mais elevada, nomeadamente, 7 % com 4 M KOH e 18 % com 8 M KOH. Na extração com 4 M KOH os polissacarídeos extraídos são principalmente manoproteínas (85 %) e 13 % de glucanas, enquanto na extração com 8 M KOH os polissacarídeos extraídos são 65 % de manoproteínas e 35 % de glucanas. O resíduo final continha ainda 34 % de glucanas da amostra inicial sendo composto por 98 % de glucose. Com o intuito de promover a solubilização das glucanas insolúveis foram efetuados dois tratamentos distintos ao resíduo final: um tratamento de oxidação com clorito e uma hidrólise ácida parcial. A oxidação com clorito permitiu solubilizar material não polisacarídico obtendo um resíduo rico em glucose. A partir da hidrólise ácida parcial foi possível obter glucanas solúveis em água com pesos moleculares ≥ 40 kDa e duas frações com um peso molecular entre 2,4 e 40 kDa. No resíduo final as principais ligações glicosídicas encontradas foram Glc- (1→4), seguida de Glc-(1→3), Glc-(1→4,6), terminal-Glc, Glc-(1→6) e Glc- (1→3,6), com uma percentagem molar de 57, 17, 10, 9, 4 e 2 %, respetivamente. Esta análise das ligações glicosídicas permitiu verificar que o resíduo final era rico em ligações de Glc-(1→4). A diminuição da percentagem de ligações de Glc-(14) por tratamento com celulase mostrou a presença de ligações de glucose β-(14). No entanto, como a diminuição de ligações de Glc-(14) também se verificou com o tratamento com α-amilase, é possível inferir a presença das configurações anoméricas α e β. A presença de bandas de absorção nos espetros de FTIR a 870-840 cm-1 e 890 cm-1, característicos das configurações anoméricas α e β, respetivamente, confirmaram os resultados dos ensaios enzimáticos. Este trabalho permitiu verificar que os polissacarídeos mais abundantes da levedura excedentária cervejeira são polímeros com caraterísticas estruturais semelhantes à celulose, justificando assim a sua resistência à extração com soluções alcalinas, à hidrólise ácida parcial e à oxidação com clorito, assim como a sua insolubilidade em soluções aquosas. Para a sua extração propõe-se a utilização sequencial de uma base forte, como por exemplo KOH, seguida da utilização de ácidos diluídos a quente.

In the past few years, the interest in scientific and economic valuation of byproducts has come to occupy a prominent position. Spent brewer´s yeast is the second largest by-product of the brewing industry with 1.7 to 2.3 kg of surplus yeast/1000 L of produced beer. Its potentialities are not properly exploited, in particular those that may result from the polysaccharides that are part of its constitution. In order to have a whole picture of the polysaccharides of spent brewer´s yeast, a sequential extraction with hot water and alkaline solutions of 0.1 M to 8 M KOH was performed. The extraction with hot water solubilized 17 % of carbohydrates and the alkaline extractions with 0.1 M to 1 M solubilized only 3-5 % of carbohydrates. On the other hand, the extractions with stronger alkaline solutions allowed the solubilization of a greater amount, namely 7 % with 4 M KOH and 18% with 8 M KOH. The polysaccharides in the 4 M KOH extract were mannoproteins (85%) and 13 % of glucans, whereas the polysaccharides in the extraction with 8 M KOH were 65 % of mannoproteins and 35 % of glucans. The final residue still accounted for 34 % of the initial glucans and contained 98 % of glucose. The final residue was submitted to different treatments: an oxidation with chlorite and partial acid hydrolysis in order to promote the solubilization of insoluble glucans. The oxidation with chlorite allowed the solubilization of nonpolysaccharide material and a residue rich in glucose was obtained. From partial acid hydrolysis it was possible to obtain glucans soluble in water with molecular weight ≥ 40 kDa and two fractions having a molecular weight between 2.4 and 40 kDa. The main glycosidic linkages found in the final residue were (1→4)-Glc followed by (1→3)-Glc (1→4,6)-Glc terminally-linked Glc, (1→6)-Glc and (1→3,6)-Glc with 57, 17, 10, 9, 4 and 2 mol %, respectively. This analysis showed that the final residue was rich in (1→4)-linked Glc. The decrease on the molar percentage of (1→4)-Glc by treatment with cellulase showed the presence of β- (1→4)-Glc. However, by treatment with α-amylase it was also observed a decrease in the (1→4)-Glc linkages, allowing to infer the presence of the two α and β anomeric configurations. The presence of FTIR spectra absorption bands in the 870-840 cm-1 and 890 cm-1, characteristic of α and β anomeric configurations, respectively, confirmed the results of enzymatic assays. This work has shown that the most abundant polysaccharides in spent brewer's yeast are polymers that seem to contain structural features similar to cellulose, thus justifying its resistance to extraction with alkaline solutions, to partial acid hydrolysis and chlorite oxidation, as well as their insolubility in aqueous solutions. For extraction of these polysaccharides is proposed a sequential utilization of a strong base, such as KOH, followed by using of hot diluted acids.

Mestrado em Biotecnologia Alimentar

Country
Portugal
Related Organizations
Keywords

Polissacarídeos, Biotecnologia alimentar, Leveduras

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
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