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Análise de pesticidas organofosforados em toxicologia forense

Authors: Valente, Nuno Ilídio Pereira;

Análise de pesticidas organofosforados em toxicologia forense

Abstract

Os pesticidas são substâncias destinadas a prevenir, destruir ou controlar pragas. No entanto, estes produtos são também responsáveis por intoxicações em seres humanos. Em Portugal, mais de metade das intoxicações voluntárias com pesticidas envolvem inseticidas organofosforados (IOFs). Neste trabalho, pretendeu-se desenvolver e validar um conjunto de metodologias para a determinação analítica de dez IOFs, nomeadamente, clorfenvinfos, clorpirifos, diazinão, dimetoato, fentião, fosalona, malatião, paratião, pirimifos-metilo e quinalfos, em amostras de sangue total e de conteúdo gástrico, tendo em vista a introdução das mesmas na rotina pericial do Serviço de Toxicologia Forense da Delegação do Norte do Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal e Ciências Forenses, I.P. (STF-N). Foram testados métodos de extração de IOFs com Extração em Fase Sólida (SPE) em amostras de sangue com colunas Oasis® HLB e Sep-Pak® C18 e com separação e deteção por GC-ECD e GC-MS. O método de extração com colunas Sep-Pak® C18 foi selecionado, uma vez que no final do processo de extração e análise foram gerados sinais cinco vezes superiores aos obtidos após extração com as outras colunas de SPE, e mostrou ser seletivo para isolamento dos analitos e do padrão interno (etião) em amostras de sangue postmortem. Foram preparadas curvas de calibração entre 50 e 5000 ng/mL, utilizando modelos de regressão linear ponderada. Devido à sensibilidade mais baixa do detetor, não foi possível definir uma gama de trabalho para o fentião por GC-ECD, enquanto para o pirimifos-metilo esta foi estabelecida entre 500 e 5000 ng/mL. O limite de quantificação foi 50 ng/mL para todos os analitos, à exceção do pirimifos-metilo por GC-ECD (500 ng/mL). A eficiência de extração média situou-se entre os 72 e os 102%. Após testes com Extração Líquido-Líquido (LLE) e/ou SPE, o procedimento adotado para rastreio/confirmação qualitativa de IOFs em amostras de conteúdo gástrico, consistiu num passo de LLE com éter dietílico, evaporação do solvente e retoma do extrato em acetonitrilo, seguido de SPE com colunas Sep-Pak® C18 e da análise por GC-MS ou por GC-ECD. Obtiveram-se eficiências de extração médias entre 40 e 50% e limites de deteção de 10 μg/mL para todos os IOFs, exceto para o fentião por GC-ECD. Os métodos desenvolvidos foram considerados robustos e adequados ao propósito, tendo sido já adotados na rotina do laboratório do STF-N.

Pesticides are substances intended to prevent, destroy and control plagues. However, these products are also responsible for intoxications in humans. In Portugal, more than half of pesticide intoxications involve organophosphorus insecticides (OPs). In this thesis we intended to develop and validate methodologies for the determination of ten OPs, namely, chlorfenvinphos, chlorpyrifos, diazinon, dimethoate, fenthion, phosalone, malathion, parathion, pyrimiphos-methyl and quinalphos, in whole blood and gastric content samples, aimed at being included in routine procedures of Forensic Toxicology Laboratory of North Delegation of National Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences (FTL-N). In blood, were tested three procedures of Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) for OPs with Oasis® HLB and Sep-Pak® C18 cartridges, followed by GC-ECD and GC-MS analysis. The Sep-Pak® C18 cartridges extraction procedure was selected because the samples prepared using that SPE cartridges generated signals 5 times higher than those obtained with the two different Oasis® HLB cartridges. The method was shown to be selective for the isolation of selected OPs as well as the internal standard (ethion) in postmortem blood samples. Calibration curves Were prepared between 50 and 5000 ng/mL using weighted linear regression models. Due to the lower sensitivity of the detector it was not possible to establish a working range for fenthion by GC-ECD, whereas for pirimiphos-methyl it was set between 500 and 5000 ng/mL. The limit of quantification was 50 ng/mL for all analytes, except for pirimiphos-methyl by GC-ECD analysis (500 ng/mL). The average extraction efficiency was obtained between 72 and 102%. After tests with Liquid-Liquid Extraction (LLE) and/or SPE, the procedure adopted for detection and qualitative confirmation of OPs in gastric content samples consisted in LLE with diethyl ether, solvent evaporation, recovery of the extract with acetonitrile, and SPE with Sep-Pak® C18 cartridges, followed by GC-ECD and GC-MS analysis. Average extraction efficiencies 40 and 50%, and detection limits of 10 μg/mL were obtained by GC-ECD, except for fenthion. The developed methods were considered robust and fit for the purpose, and were already adopted in routine analysis of FTL-N.

Mestrado em Química - Química Analítica e Qualidade

Country
Portugal
Related Organizations
Keywords

Química analítica, Toxicologia, Insecticidas

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
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