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Thesis . 2011
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Operative parameters of Silicon Photomultipliers

Authors: Pagano, Roberto;

Operative parameters of Silicon Photomultipliers

Abstract

Silicon photomultipliers are nowadays considered a promising alternative to conventional vacuum tube photomultipliers. SiPM structure consists in a parallel array of equal single pixels, each one made of a silicon p-n junction avalanche photodetector with an integrated resistor. The SiPM is biased above the breakdown voltage, that is, each pixel is operated in Geiger mode, above the breakdown voltage (BV) of the p-n junction. The physical mechanisms operating in the device need to be fully explored and modelled to fully understand the device operational limits and possibilities. In this work, I studied the dark current behaviour of the pixels forming the Si photomultiplier as a function of the applied overvoltage and operation temperature. The data are well modelled by assuming that dark current is caused by current pulses triggered by events of diffusion of single minority carriers (mostly electrons) injected from the boundaries of the active area depletion layer (dominating at temperatures above 0à à à à °C) and by thermal emission of carriers from Shockley-Read-Hall defects in the depletion layer (dominating at temperatures below 0à à à à °C). The current-voltage characteristics of arrays from 5à 5 pixels up to 64à 64 pixels (pre-commercial devices) were also studied and some fabrication issues solved. Finally, some preliminary results on the effect of irradiation on the devices are also reported. In particular, measurements were performed after irradiating the devices with different species: X-rays, light ions (Boron) and heavy ions (Brome and Gold). I fotomoltiplicatori al Silicio sono al giorno d'oggi considerati un'alternativa promettente ai fotomoltiplicatori tradizionali. I SiPM sono formati da un reticolo (quadrato nel caso studiato) di celle (pixel) connessi in parallelo attraverso opportune resistenze (dette di quenching). Il SiPM e' polarizzato al di sopra della tensione di rottura (a valanga) di modo che ogni cella lavori in modalita' Geiger. E' necessario studiare dettagliatamente il principio fisico alla base del funzionamento e crease un modello per capire limiti e possibilita' di implementazione. In questo lavoro, ho studiato il comportamento della corrente di buio (dark current) della singola cella e delle matrici in funzione della tensione sopra breakdown e della temperatura di operazione. I dati sono modellati assumendo che la corrente di buio e' data da eventi di diffusione di portatori minoritari (elettroni) iniettati dai bordi dell'area attiva (regione di svuotamento), dominante a temperature superiori a 0à °C, e dall'emissione termica dei portatori da difetti Shockley-Read-Hall presenti nella regione di svuotamento, che domina a temperature sotto i 0à °C. Sono state anche studiate le caratteristiche corrente tensione (I-V) delle matrici da 5à 5 fino a 64à 64 (dispositivi pre-commerciali) e risolti alcuni problemi connessi alla fabbricazione.. Infine, sono riportati anche alcuni risultati preliminari sull'effetto dell'irraggiamento. In particolare, le misure sono state effettuare dopo irraggiamenti con raggi X, ioni leggeri (Boro) e ioni pesanti (Bromo e Oro).

Country
Italy
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Keywords

Avalanche photodiodes, SiPM

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
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