Fibromuscular dysplasia is a rare non-atherosclerotic, non-inflammatory arterial disease. It concerns less than 1% of all occlusive artery lesions, but is more common in young female patients, with a prevalence of 3 to 5% of the arterial lesions in that age group. It mainly attains renal and carotid arteries. The authors discuss the etiopathogeny, the prevalence and treatment of fibromuscular dysplasia. Their own surgical experience with 21 renal and 10 carotid lesions of fibromuscular is exposed.