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La situación de los antivenenos liofilizados en América Latina: Aspectos tecnológicos y de salud pública

Authors: Gutiérrez, José María; Herrera Vega, María; León Montero, Guillermo;

La situación de los antivenenos liofilizados en América Latina: Aspectos tecnológicos y de salud pública

Abstract

La administración parenteral de antivenenos constituye el elemento central en la terapia de los envenenamientos por mordeduras o picaduras de animales ponzoñosos. En América Latina existen laboratorios productores de antivenenos en Argentina, Bolivia, Brasil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, México, Perú, Uruguay y Venezuela. La mayoría de antivenenos producidos en la región son líquidos, aunque también se producen antivenenos liofi lizados en algunos países. En el presente trabajo se analiza la producción de antivenenos liofi lizados en América Latina. La liofi lización es un proceso mediante el cual se elimina el agua de una preparación líquida y tiene por objetivo incrementar la estabilidad de sustancias farmacéuticas. El proceso consiste en tres etapas: congelamiento, secado primario (sublimación), y secado secundario (desorción). Dado que la liofi lización genera estrés físico-químico en las proteínas, el diseño del proceso debe efectuarse cuidadosamente y se deben tomar en cuenta diversos parámetros, entre los cuales la formulación del producto (uso de excipientes) es fundamental. Los laboratorios productores deben efectuar estudios de estabilidad de los antivenenos que se producen en la región. La decisión de en qué circunstancias se debe adquirir y distribuir antivenenos liofi lizados o antivenenos líquidos debe basarse en un análisis riguroso de los patrones epidemiológicos de las mordeduras de serpiente y la identifi cación de áreas de riesgo de estos accidentes, la distribución de los servicios de salud, incluyendo la cadena de frío y otras consideraciones logísticas. Con base en dichos análisis es posible determinar las necesidades de antivenenos líquidos y liofi lizados en determinadas regiones de cada país. Palabras clave: Antivenenos, envenenamientos, liofi lización, cadena de frío.

Parenteral administration of antivenoms constitutes the mainstay in the therapy of envenomings resulting from the bites or stings of venomous animals. In Latin America, there are antivenom manufacturing laboratories in Argentina, Bolivia, Brasil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, México, Perú, Uruguay and Venezuela. The majority of antivenoms manufactured in the region come in liquid presentations, although freeze-dried antivenoms are also produced in various countries. This work analyzes the production of freeze-dried antivenoms in Latin America. Freeze-drying (lyophilization) is a process which removes the water from a liquid preparation, thus incrementing its stability. It consists in three stages: freezing, primary drying (sublimation), and secondary drying (desorption). Since it induces physico-chemical stress to proteins, the design of the freeze-drying process has to be made carefully, taking into consideration various parameters, among which the inclusion of stabilizers is highly relevant. The manufacturing laboratories should establish the actual stability of their antivenoms. The decision on whether to produce and distribute freeze-dried or liquid antivenoms has to be based on a rigorous analysis of the epidemiology of snakebite envenomings, the identifi cation of regions having high risk of envenomings, the location of health facilities, and the situation of the cold chain system, among other logistic considerations. On the basis of such careful case-by case analysis, the actual needs of freeze-dried and liquid antivenoms can be determined. Key words: Antivenoms, envenomings, freeze-drying, cold chain.

UCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias de la Salud::Instituto Clodomiro Picado (ICP)

Páginas 106 a la 109.

Country
Costa Rica
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Keywords

Cold chain, Freeze-drying, Antivenoms, Envenomings

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
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