Mesenchymal stem cells have been found in various tissues and act as source for renewal and repair. The mouse incisor tooth continuously grows throughout life, implicating that there are stem cell niches constantly contributing with cells. The composition of these stem cell niches is not fully understood. Here, we show that Schwann cells on the peripheral nerves in the close proximity to the incisor tooth constitute a stem cell niche. Transgenic mouse models were used to label Schwann cells and their progeny in vivo. It was also possible to establish that Schwann cell precursors contributed in tooth development during embryogenesis. In the adult incisor tooth, it was demonstrated that there were a continuous replenishment from Schwann cells with dental mesenchymal stem cells and odontoblasts. Moreover, through a multi-color reporter line mouse model it was possible to label individual Schwann cells and show their specific contribution and dynamics to tooth organogenesis in adulthood. The dental mesenchymal stem cells were arranged in highly spatialized domain patterns and competed for the opportunity to form odontoblasts. Furthermore, after tooth injury these Schwann cell-derived dental mesenchymal stem cells could be recruited for repair. Thus, these results advocate a novel source of dental mesenchymal stem cells, the peripheral Schwann cells, that throughout life contribute to tooth growth and become involved in regeneration after tooth damage. This might have important implications for the further understanding of adult stem cell populations and their potential use in tissue engineering. Dental pulps in deciduous and adult human teeth harbor cells with stem/progenitor cell properties and represent an excellent model system to study aging of stromal populations. Aging is tightly connected to self-renewal and proliferation and thus, mapping potential molecular differences in these characteristics between populations constitute an important task. It was hypothesized that genetic profiles of deciduous pulp cells ...