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Language Rights and Linguistic Justice

Authors: Tonkin, Humphrey;

Language Rights and Linguistic Justice

Abstract

The status of human rights took a new turn with the adoption of the United Nations Charter in 1945 and the approval of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948. Up until that point, human rights had been regarded as essentially elements in the constitutional law of individual states; they now became universalized as principles of international law. But non-discrimination with regard to language received relatively little attention in either document, in part because of a reluctance to regard language rights as not only individual but also collective. Given its role as a means of communication, language carries with it a collec- tive sense that is less inherent in non-discrimination on grounds of race, gender or religion, and it has long been associated with the problem of minority rights, an issue entirely avoided by the drafters of the Universal Declaration. Today language rights are recognized in many different ways by individual states, some strongly supportive and some less so. Increasingly, non-discrimination on grounds of language is becoming an international issue as cross-border language flows affect the ways languages are used in individual states.

Abstrakt (Prawa językowe a sprawiedliwość językowa). Status praw człowieka zyskał nowy wymiar wraz z przyjęciem Karty Narodów Zjednoczonych w 1945 oraz zatwierdze- niem Powszechnej Deklaracji Praw Człowieka w 1948. Do tego momentu prawa człowieka były traktowane jako jeden z elementów konstytucji poszczególnych państw; teraz stały się uniwersalne w charakterze zasad prawa międzynarodowego. Jednakże dokumenty te poświęciły stosunkowo mało uwagi dyskryminacji względem języka, częściowo z powodu niechęci uznania praw językowych nie tylko za indywidualne, lecz także za kolektywne. Biorąc pod uwagę rolę języka w komunikacji, niesie on ze sobą sens kolektywny, który jest mniej typowy dla dyskryminacji na podstawie rasy, płci czy religii, i od dawna jest kojarzo- ny z problemem praw mniejszości, zagadnieniem całkowicie ignorowanym przez twórców Deklaracji. Obecnie prawa językowe są respektowane przez państwa w różny sposób, mniej lub bardziej przychylnie. Dyskryminacja na tle językowym staje się problemem o charakte- rze międzynarodowym, ponieważ przepływ języków odbywa się ponad granicami i zmienia sposób, w jaki języki są używane w danych państwach.

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Keywords

language rights, language justice, language policy

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selected citations
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This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
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popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
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