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Control of the cassava mealybug in Africa: lessons from a biological control project

Authors: Neuenschwander, P.;

Control of the cassava mealybug in Africa: lessons from a biological control project

Abstract

During the Africa-wide Biological Control project, the neotropical parasitoid Epidinocarsis lopezi (De Santis) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) was established in 26 African countries, causing a satisfactory reduction in the population density of the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti Mat.-Ferr. (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) in most farmers' lields. Four conclusions concerning the possible application of the research results to other biological control projects are discussed. (1) Foreign exploration was intensive and should be maintained at this level in other projects, if necessary at the cost of other activities. (2) In the controversy about the amount of research needed before the lirst releases are made, understanding the proper role of quarantine is essential. While quarantine (preferably outside the continent) guarantees nonnoxiousness of natural enemies, only research in the experimental release sites can determine whether a given natural enemy will ·be efficient. The topic of how released exotic insects affect the diversity of the indigenous fauna is also addressed. Modalities used in this project for executing releases, always on request by and in collaboration with national programmes, are recommended for adoption in future projects. (3) Laboratory and field studies, sometimes leading to simulation models, established the scientific basis for quantifying the impact of the pest insect and its biological control. This was expressed as reduction in pest population levels and yield loss, as well as gain in revenue. Such studies are needed in order to attribute the observed effects to various causes and to advance the science of biological control. ( 4) It is concluded that biological control is the basis ofiPM but cannot usually be manipulated by the farmer. Interventions such as cultural methods or the use of resistant varieties need to be compatible with biological control. This is usually so~ unless resistances are very strong.Key Words: Biological control, Epidinocarsis lopezi, Phenacoccus manihotiCe projet a abouti à l'établissement du parasitoïde exotique Epidinocarsis lopezi (De Santis) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), d' origine néotropicale, dans 26 pays africains et à une réduction satisfaisante des populations de la cochenille farineuse du manioc, Phenacoccus manihoti Mat.-Ferr. (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae), dans la plupart des champs de paysans. Quatre conclusions concernant l'application des résultats de cette recherche à d'autres projets de lutte biologique soot discutées: (1) L'intensité de l'exploration à l'étranger a été considérable et devrait être maintenue à ce niveau dans d'autres projets, même si nécessaire au détriment d'autres activités. (2) Dans la controverse concernant l'intensité des recherches requises avant que les premiers lâchers ne soient entrepris, il est argumenté que Ia quarantaine (à l'extérieur du continent) doit garantir l'innocuité des ennemis naturels, tandis que seule la recherche dans les champs, dans des foyers de lâchers expérimentaux, péut evaluer l'efficacité d'un agent de lotte biologique. L'infiuence des lâchers d'insectes exotiques sur la diversité des organismes indigènes est discuteée. Les modalités des lâchers employés, toujours sur requête et en collaboration avec des programmes nationaux, sont justifiées et recommandées pour des projets futurs. (3) Des études scientifiques au laboratoire et aux champs, présentées aussi sous forme de modèles de simulation, ont jeté les bases d' une quantification de l' effet du ravageur et de son contrôle en termes de réduction des populations de la cochenille aussi bien que de pertes, exprimées en tubercules et en termes monétaires. De telles études sont nécessaires pour attribuer les effets observés et pour faire la science de la lutte biologique. (4) La lutte biologique occupe la place centrale dans l'IPM, progresser mais elle ne peut pas être manipulée par le paysan. Les mesures appliquées comme les méthodes culturales ou les variétés adaptées doivent être en accord avec la lutte biologique. Ceci est habituellement le cas, lorsque les résistances ne soot pas très fortes.Mots Clés: Epidinocarsis lopezi, Phenacoccus manihoti, lutte biologique

Countries
France, Canada
Related Organizations
Keywords

mealybugs, Biological control, biological control, phenacoccus manihoti, Epidinocarsis lopezi, cassava

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
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popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
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