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Delito fiscal: un crimen de cuello blanco

Authors: Fitor Miró, Juan Carlos;

Delito fiscal: un crimen de cuello blanco

Abstract

DELITO FISCAL: UN CRIMEN DE CUELLO BLANCO El fraude tributario supone un ataque directo contra el principio constitucional de contribuir al sostenimiento de los gastos públicos de acuerdo con la capacidad económica de cada persona recogido en el artículo 31 de la CE, amén de constituir un grave atentado contra el orden económico – social. Con estas dos premisas se debería justificar la tipificación del delito fiscal como fórmula para la persecución penal de las conductas defraudadoras más graves. En el ámbito de la delincuencia económica, el delito fiscal es el tipo más característico y con mayor peso específico. La instauración de un sistema fiscal complejo, necesario para mantener el Estado del Bienestar, ha ido parejo a los cambios del sistema económico, el cual comprende nuevas condiciones y estructuras financieras y comerciales adaptadas a la globalización. Veanse a modo de ejemplo la cantidad de reformas periódicas que se van produciendo en la legislación relativa al Impuesto sobre la Renta de las Personas Físicas (IRPF) y, en menor medida, en la relativa al Impuesto sobre Sociedades (IS). Todo ello, unido a la libertad de movimientos de personas, bienes y capitales en el espacio de la Unión Europea, ha propiciado la aparición de conductas criminales cada vez más complejas y organizadas, cuestión esta que dificulta su descubrimiento. La incidencia de estas conductas está motivada por el enriquecimiento ilícito y es propiciada, generalmente, bajo formas societarias y con medios técnicos sumamente perfeccionados. La criminalización de la defraudación tributaria, a partir de ciertos niveles, pretende salir al paso de esta realidad y garantizar la eficacia del sistema de contribución al gasto público. Se pretende pues estudiar el delito fiscal, no desde una perspectiva dogmática –sin menospreciar esta aproximación-, sino atendiendo a los elementos que desde la Criminología permiten comprender en su contexto este fenómeno delictivo: la proscripción penal, la práctica social, la respuesta por parte del control social formal e informal y las consecuencias personales y colectivas de la actual configuración del sistema… para acabar proponiendo alternativas que se entienden más beneficiosas.

FISCAL CRIME: A WHITE NECK CRIME Tax fraud is a direct attack against the constitutional principle of contributing to the maintenance of public expenditure in accordance with the economic capacity of each person, as set out in Article 31 of the EC, and constitutes a serious attack on the economic and social order. With these two premises, the definition of fiscal crime should be justified as a formula for criminal prosecution of the most serious fraudulent conduct. In the field of economic crime, tax offenses are the most characteristic type and with greater specific weight. The establishment of a complex fiscal system, necessary to maintain the Welfare State, has gone hand in hand with the changes in the economic system, which includes new financial and commercial conditions and structures adapted to globalization. See for example the number of periodic reforms that are taking place in the legislation on Personal Income Tax (IRPF) and, to a lesser extent, on Corporate Income Tax (IS). Together with the freedom of movement of people, goods and capital within the European Union, this has led to the appearance of ever more complex and organized criminal behavior, a matter which makes it difficult to discover. The incidence of these behaviors is motivated by illicit enrichment and is generally favored by societal forms and with highly sophisticated technical means. The criminalization of tax evasion, based on certain levels, seeks to escape this reality and ensure the effectiveness of the system of contribution to public expenditure. It is therefore intended to study fiscal crime, not from a dogmatic perspective - without belittling this approach - but considering the elements that from the criminology allow to understand in its context this criminal phenomenon: criminal prosecution, social practice, formal and informal social control and the personal and collective consequences of the current configuration of the system ... to end up proposing alternatives that are considered more beneficial.

Keywords

POLITICA FISCAL Y DEUDA PUBLICA, indulto, amnistía fiscal, DERECHO PENAL, paraiso fiscal, DELITO FISCAL, CUELLO BLANCO, DELINCUENCIA, delito fiscal, cuello blanco, CRIMINALIDAD

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
Average
Green