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Bases de la resistencia a preparados bioinsecticidas basados en "Bacillus thuringiensis" en diferentes especies de insectos

Authors: Ibiza Palacios, María de Sales;

Bases de la resistencia a preparados bioinsecticidas basados en "Bacillus thuringiensis" en diferentes especies de insectos

Abstract

El empleo de insecticidas en la agricultura moderna resulta fundamental para obtener unos niveles óptimos de productividad. Actualmente se tiende al empleo de bioinsecticidas dados los efectos perniciosos de la mayor parte de los insecticidas convencionales. Los preparados bioinsecticidas basados en las proteínas cristalinas insecticidas (toxinas Cry) de “Bacillus thuringiensis” (Bt) son los de mayor venta del mercado y las plantas transgénicas protegidas por estas proteínas, están siendo cultivadas a escala mundial. La vida útil de este bioinsecticida podría verse limitada por la aparición de poblaciones de insectos resistentes si no se adoptan las medidas oportunas de manejo de resistencia, siendo para ello fundamental el conocimiento de los recursos de resistencia de los insectos. El modo de acción de las toxinas Cry es un proceso complejo que incluye numerosas etapas, entre las que destaca como clave la unión a receptores específicos en la membrana epitelial de las células del intestino. La disrupción en algún punto de este proceso puede originar resistencia. Dentro de la resistencia a cada toxina Cry, pueden haber diferentes mecanismos que la produzcan, por tanto una cepa de un insecto con un tipo de resistencia puede tener un mecanismo concreto de resistencia frente a una o varias proteínas Cry tóxicas. Los genes responsables de la resistencia en varias cepas de una especie de insecto, con un mismo tipo de resistencia, pueden ser diferentes. Es por ello la importancia del estudio de los genes implicados en la interacción con las toxinas Cry, así como las proteínas para las que codifican, con el fin de poder averiguar su implicación y poder desarrollar los planes adecuados para poder manejar la aparición de resistencias como en su prevención. En el presente proyecto se pretende estudiar varios fenotipos de resistencia. Cada fenotipo consiste en una o más poblaciones de insectos de una especie que presente como característica común ser resistentes a una o más toxinas Cry. Dentro de un fenotipo se investigarán si sus bases bioquímicas y fisiológicas son únicas y comunes entre las diferentes poblaciones. En los fenotipos de resistencia en los que se hayan localizado sus bases moleculares, se determinarán los genes implicados. Se pretende establecer si estos aspectos son comunes entre las diferentes poblaciones del insecto plaga “Plutella xylostella” (primer insecto plaga que ha desarrollado resistencia a las toxinas Cry en campo) y en el insecto modelo “Bombyx mori” (lepidóptero empleado como modelo genético). Este estudio contribuirá a un mayor conocimiento de cómo retrasar, o incluso evitar, la aparición de la resistencia a Bt.

The use of pesticides in modern agriculture is essential for optimum productivity. Currently, there is a tendency to use bio-insecticides since the harmful effects of most conventional insecticides. The bioinsecticide preparations based in insecticidal crystal protein (Cry toxins) of “Bacillus thuringiensis” (Bt) are the leading product in the insecticide market and Bt transgenic plants are being cultivated worldwide. The usefulness of this biopesticide could be limited by the development of resistant insect populations without appropriate resistance management measures, so knowledge of insect resistance mechanisms is essential. The Cry toxins mode of action is a complex process including several steps. The main step is the binding of the cry toxins to specific receptor located in the plasmatic membrane of midgut epithelial cells. Disruption of one of them could lead to development resistant insects. Resistance to one Cry toxin can be produced by different mechanisms in diverse insect species; therefore a resistant insect strain can have a specific mechanism of resistance to one or more toxic Cry proteins. The genes responsible of resistance in several strains of the same insect species, with the same kind of resistance, can be different. Then, is really important the study both the genes implicated on the interaction with Cry toxins and the nature of the proteins codified. The objective is to know its implication for designing the right management to avoid and prevent the development of Bt resistance. In this dissertation it has been studied various phenotypes of resistance in different strains of “Plutella xylostella” (first Bt resistant pest insect in field) and “Bombyx mori” (lepidopteran genetic model insect) insect species. In each of them the genetic and biochemical bases of resistance has been studied; as well as it has been determined the genes implicated in the resistance phenotype by linkage analysis. This study will contribute to a better understanding of the resistance and how to delay, or even prevent, the resistance to Bt.

Keywords

bombyx mori, UNESCO::CIENCIAS DE LA VIDA::Genética, control biológico de plagas, plutella xylostella, genética, resistencia, bacillus thuringiensis

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
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