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Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) pathway in the adult brain: key signaling for astrocyte reactivation and brain repair

Authors: Bermúdez Muñoz, Olga María;

Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) pathway in the adult brain: key signaling for astrocyte reactivation and brain repair

Abstract

RESUMEN: Mientras que las neuronas juegan un papel fundamental en la neurotransmisión en el sistema nervioso central de los animales, las células gliales son cruciales para dar sostén a las neuronas y por lo tanto, para el funcionamiento del cerebro. Estudios recientes han puesto de mani esto que las células gliales regulan la liberación y reciclaje de neurotransmisores, el metabolismo del piruvato y del glutatión, sirviendo de tampón para diferentes iones, participando en la organización de la barrera hematoencefálica y en la producción de mielina y del líquido cefalorraquídeo. La actividad de las células gliales se encuentra estrechamente coordinada por la comunicación entre las neuronas y la glía. Entre la señalización celular del cerebro, la vía Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) juega un papel importante al regular el desarrollo y patrón del sistema nervioso central. En el cerebro adulto, la proteína SHH es secretada por las neuronas y por los astrocitos y media de esa manera las interacciones neuro-gliales. Cuando ocurre un daño en el cerebro, la vía de señalización SHH es (re)-activada en el cerebro adulto. Las células gliales y particularmente los astrocitos, son células esenciales para la respuesta del cerebro frente a un daño y para su reparación. La respuesta de los astrocitos se encuentra mediada por la activación de la vía SHH en estas células. En este artículo se revisa la importancia de las células gliales y específicamente de los astrocitos en la fisiología del cerebro, la implicación de la vía de señalización SHH en la organización y funcionamiento del cerebro, y cómo la señalización SHH regula la re-activación de los astrocitos y la respuesta celular frente al daño tisular y a la reparación del cerebro en el organismo adulto.

ABSTRACT: While neurons play a key role in neurotransmission in the nervous central system (CNS) of animals, glial cells are crucial for neuron support and brain maintenance. Recent studies reveal that glial cells regulate the release and reuptake of neurotransmitters, pyruvate and glutathione metabolism, ion buffering, the organization of blood brain barrier and ensures the production of myelin and cerebrospinal fluid. The activity of glial cells is coordinated by the communication between neurons and the glia. Among cell signals in the brain, Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) pathway plays a key role regulating the development and the patterning of the central nervous system. In the adult brain, SHH has been found to be secreted by neurons and astrocytes, and to regulate in this manner, neuro-glial interactions. Upon brain injury, SHH signaling appears to be (re)- activated in the adult brain and may be related with tissue regeneration. The glial cells and more particularly astrocytes are key cells responding to brain injury and participating in brain repair. Interestingly, astrocyte response is mediated by SHH activation in these cells that elicits diverse cell reactions in the brain leading to neuroprotection and reinforcement of the blood brain barrier upon injury. This review highlights the important role of glial cells and more speci cally of astrocytes in brain physiology, the implication of SHH signaling in brain organization and function, and nally, how SHH signaling regulates astrocyte re-activation and cell response to tissue injury and repair in the brain in the adult organism.

COL0006769

Country
Colombia
Keywords

glía, 570, reparación tisular, Señalización Hedgehog, Cerebro, glia, QH301-705.5, 610, Brain, Hedgehog signaling, brain injury, daño cerebral, astrocyte, señalización Hedgehog, astrocito, tissue repair, Tissue repair, Biology (General), Reparación tisular

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
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