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image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao EMU DSpacearrow_drop_down
image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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Bachelor thesis . 2012
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Eluaseme omanike maksusoodustused

Tax exemtions for homeowners
Authors: Semjonov, Katre;

Eluaseme omanike maksusoodustused

Abstract

Bakalaureusetöö eesmärgiks oli uurida ja analüüsida erinevaid maksusoodustusi eluaseme omanikele Eestis. Töö käigus uuriti maksusoodustuste olemust, eluaseme omanikele rakendatavaid tulu- , maa- ja käibemaksu soodustusi erinevates riikides. Analüüsiti eluaseme omanike maksusoodustusi Eestis, võrrelduna eluaseme omanikele rakenduvate maksusoodustustega teistes riikides. Eluaseme maksustamise süsteemid on riigiti erinevad, mistõttu on rahvusvahelist võrdlust keerukas teha. Töös uuritud riikides võimaldab personaalne maksusüsteem pakkuda soodustusi koduomanikele. Riigiti on rakendatavad maksusoodustused ja –vabastused erinevad. Euroopa riikides suhtutakse maksundusliku positiivsusega eluasemete renoveerimisse, ehitamisse ja hooldamisse. Nende tööde tarbeks on rakendatud vähendatud maksumäärasid ja loodud erinevaid süsteeme, mis aitavad inimesi nende tööde teostamisel. Samuti aidatakse esmase kodu soetajaid: laenuintresside fikseerimine, tulumaksu arvutamisel laenuintresside maksustatavast tulust mahaarvamine, kindla summalised maksusoodustused. Eestis võivad esmase kodu ostjad loota ainult eluasemelaenu intresside mahaarvamisele, mida on võimalik teha tuludeklaratsiooni kaudu. Eluaseme laenude intresside alusel tulumaksu- tagastamine eluaseme omanikule on riigile suur väljaminek, aga inimestel aitab see igapäeva kulusid katta. Aastatel 2005-2009 on tuludeklaratsioonides intresside mahaarvamiste taotlmiste arv kasvanud ligi 25%, kuid aastal 2010 on toimunud mõningane tagasiminek. Samas tulumaksu arvestamisel arvesse võetud taotluste rahuldamise osatähtsus on aastate lõikes enamvähem sama. See on ligikaudu 95%. Rakendatud eluasemelaenu intressi mahaarvamise osatähtsus deklareeritust on aastate lõikes erinev, kõigub vahemikus 79% - 92%. Deklareeritud eluasemelaenu intressi mahaarvamiste summa oli suurim 2008. aastal ja väikseim aastal 2005, erinevus 3,8 korda. Üldine tulumaksutagastus on nendel aastatel suurenenud 2,5 korda ja eluasemelaenu intressi arvestuslik tulumaksutagastus moodustab sellest ligikaudu 22%. 2012. aasta 1. jaanuaril jõustunud tulumaksuseaduse muudatuse järgi saavad inimesed mahaarvata eluasemelaenu intresse, koolitusulusid nning kingitusi ja annetusi oma tulust 1920 eurot, kuid mitte enam kui 50% Eestis maksustatavast tulust, maha see on eelmise aastaga võrreldes ligikaudu 40% väiksem varemkehtinust.. Töö autor leiab, et see muudatus mõjutab enam neid inimesi, kes maksavad suuremaid laenuintresse. Kahjuks peab tõdema, et teisi tulumaksusoodustusi eluaseme rajamiseks või renoveerimiseks Eestis ei rakendata. Seadusega on määratletud eluaseme müügist saadud tulu maksustamine. Regulatsioon on väga täpne, samas riigiti erinev, sest peab sisaldma riigile omaseid tingimusi. Eesti seaduse põhiliseks tingimuseks on, et maksumaksja peab maksuvabastuse kohaldamiseks kasutama eluaset (kinnisasi, mille oluliseks osaks on elamu) kuni võõrandmiseni kasutas oma peamise või alalise elukohana. Eluruumide müügi maksuvabastuste kohta Eestis kahjuks andmed puuduvad. Selliste andmete kogumisega ei tegeleda ja kinnisvaraturu eluruumide müügi statistikast ei ole seda samuti võimalik tuletada. Eestis on kogu maa maamaksuga maksustatav. Maamaks on võrreldes teiste maksudega väga erandlik. Maks on seadusega kehtestatud, kuid laekub täies ulatuses maa asukohajärgse kohaliku omavalitsuse eelarvesse ja maksulaekumine on ligi 100%. Maamaksuseaduse muudatus vähendab eluaseme omanike kulutusi, mis tuleb omanikul kanda, aga samas suurendab nende koduomanike kulutusi, kes etteantud kriteeriumitele ei vasta. Korteriomanikud ei maksa maamaksu, kui nende maksusumma jääb alla 5- eurose alammäära. Tööd koostades jõudis autor järeldusele, et otstarbekam oleks vabastada Eestis kõik koduomanikud maamaksust. On Euroopa riike, kes rakendavad eluaseme omanikele eluaseme hooldamiseks ja renoveerimiseks soodusmäärasid. Madalaim rakendatatv käibemaksumäär omaniku eluruumide renoveerimiseks on viis protsenti, seda rakendatakse Küprosel ja Ühendkuningriigis. Kodu hooldamise madalaim käibemaksumäär rakendub Luksenburgis, selleks on kuus protsenti. Varasematel aastatel tasustati Eestis toasooja vähendatud käibemaksumääraga. Praegusel ajahetkel ei rakendata vähendatud käibemaksumäärasid eluaseme omanikele Eestis. Tööst järeldab autor, et Eestis rakendatavad eluaseme omanike maksusoodustused võrreldes erinevate riikidega on minimaalsed, mis põhjustab ka selle, et Eesti koduomaniku kulutused eluasemele võivad olla kordades suuremad kui teistes riikides.

Most of the Estonian citizens have to pay different taxes related to their real estate, more specifically their homes. The owners of the real estate are required to pay for the land under their properties, housing loan and the interests, they also have the expenses for the upkeep and renovation of their houses. The amendment to the land tax act is currently very actual topic in Estonia as it should come into action in 2013, according to this amendment the home owners will get an exemption from the land tax. This type of legislation was applied in 2012 by the cities of Tallinn and Tartu and several problems related to this exemption have occurred since. Another problem that has arisen is the price of the central heating, for which some time ago lower rate of the value added tax was applied, but currently the standard rate is applied. All this has brought forth increase in the cost of living of the house owners. The main aim of this thesis is to investigate and analyse the tax incentives for the home owners in Estonia. The main research comprises of the theoretical overview of the tax incentives that apply for the real estate owners, the analysis of the tax incentives that have been and will be applied in Estonia and the tax incentives for the house owners in other countries. The sources for this BA thesis are different materials concerned with the tax incentives in Estonia and the conclusions are made in their basis. Also secondary data that has been collected via observations is used in this research. In different countries different tax incentives are applied for the home owners. Priorities are generally given to renovating, building and upkeep of the houses. For these actions, 46 smaller tax rates have been applied and there are different tax systems that favour this type of work. The tax incentives for the home owners in Estonia are very small compared with the other countries. The exemption from land tax for the home owners in Tallinn actually brought along the rise of the land tax for those who did not meet the designated criteria. The land tax for the business land was also raised. The remuneration of the interests of the housing loans is a big expenditure for the state, but it helps people to cover their everyday living costs. The time has shown that more and more people declare the interests of their house loans to receive the remuneration for those interests. It is noteworthy that the income tax rate has actually become friendlier towards the taxpayer. I conclude that the tax incentives in Estonia are smaller than in the other countries. In the future research it would be interesting to investigate into the budgets of cities, towns and municipalities to see how will the deficit caused by the tax incentive be compensated and if and how would this reflect on the home owners.

Country
Estonia
Related Organizations
Keywords

käibemaks, bakalaureusetööd, eluaseme omanik, maksusoodustused, maamaks, tulumaks

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selected citations
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This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
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popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
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This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
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