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Biblos-e Archivo
Doctoral thesis . 2019
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Regulación de la autofagia ante estímulos metabólicos en astrocitos

Authors: Ortiz Rodríguez, Ana;

Regulación de la autofagia ante estímulos metabólicos en astrocitos

Abstract

La autofagia es un proceso esencial en el mantenimiento de la homeostasis celular. Junto con el control de calidad de los componentes citoplasmáticos, una de sus funciones más importantes es la obtención de nutrientes y la movilización de lípidos en condiciones de estrés metabólico. A pesar del papel de la autofagia en el metabolismo, este proceso no ha sido estudiado en profundidad en los astrocitos, un tipo celular esencial en el control metabólico del organismo. Debido a ello, caracterizamos la regulación de la autofagia ante estímulos metabólicos como el ayuno prolongado, el tratamiento con estradiol y la exposición al ácido palmítico en cultivos de astrocitos. Además, estudiamos en profundidad la respuesta de los astrocitos al ácido palmítico, midiendo diversos parámetros como la inflamación, el estrés de retículo endoplásmico y la muerte celular. Junto con dichos parámetros, evaluamos la organización y la actividad de los complejos mitocondriales en respuesta a este ácido graso. Los resultados obtenidos en estos estudios se analizaron por separado en machos y hembras para detectar la existencia de diferencias sexuales, un fenómeno ampliamente descrito a nivel metabólico. Por último, se caracterizó la respuesta autofágica en el núcleo arcuato del hipotálamo de ratones hembra adultos tras el consumo agudo de una dieta rica en grasa. A partir de estos experimentos, se comprobó que los astrocitos son capaces de regular la autofagia en respuesta a estímulos metabólicos. De esta forma, el ayuno prolongado incrementa el flujo de autofagia en los astrocitos mientras que el tratamiento con estradiol lo disminuye. Cuando los astrocitos son tratados con ácido palmítico, se induce un bloqueo inicial de la autofagia que, acompañado de otras alteraciones como la inflamación o el estrés de retículo endoplásmico, disminuye la viabilidad de los astrocitos. Además, el ácido palmítico modifica la actividad de los complejos mitocondriales y su organización en supercomplejos, afectando de la misma manera a los astrocitos de los machos que de las hembras. Sin embargo, existen diferencias sexuales en la organización y actividad basales de los complejos mitocondriales en los astrocitos. Por último, un estímulo metabólico in vivo como el consumo agudo de dieta rica en grasa parece modificar la autofagia en las neuronas y las células gliales del núcleo arcuato en ratones adultos.

Autophagy is an essential process in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. Together with the quality control of cytoplasmic components, one of its more important functions is to obtain nutrients and mobilize lipids under conditions of metabolic stress. Although autophagy has an important role in metabolism, it has not been deeply characterized in astrocytes, an essential cell type in the regulation of systemic metabolism. Due to the lack of information about it, we studied the regulation of autophagy after metabolic stimuli like prolonged starvation, estradiol treatment and exposure to palmitic acid in astrocyte cultures. Furthermore, we characterized the response of astrocytes to palmitic acid, analyzing diverse parameters such as inflammation, endoplasmic reticulum stress and cell death. Moreover, organization and activity of mitochondrial complexes were assessed in response to palmitic acid. All the results obtained from these studies were analyzed separately in males and females in order to detect sex differences, a phenomenon widely described in metabolic responses. Finally, we assessed autophagic activity in the arcuate nucleus of female adult mice after a short-term exposure to high fat diet. Astrocytes are able to modulate autophagy in response to metabolic stimuli. Prolonged starvation increases autophagic flux in astrocytes while estradiol treatment suppresses it. When astrocytes are treated with palmitic acid, there is an initial blockade in autophagy. If this suppression in autophagy is accompanied by inflammation and endoplasmic reticulum stress, it induces loss of astrocyte viability. Furthermore, palmitic acid modifies the activity and organization of mitochondrial complexes in astrocytes. Although there are no sex differences in mitochondrial analysis in response to palmitic acid, some differences are detected in the basal activity and organization of mitochondrial complexes between astrocytes from males and females. Finally, a metabolic stimulus in vivo as a short-term high fat diet consumption seems to modify autophagy in neurons and glial cells in the arcuate nucleus of adult mice.

Memoria de Tesis doctoral presentada por Ana Ortiz Rodríguez, para obtener el doctorado (Mención en Biociencias Moleculares) por la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), realizada bajo la dirección de Dr. Luis Miguel García Segura y Dra. María Ángeles Arévalo .-- 164 pages

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Spain
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Keywords

Metabolismo - Regulación. - Tesis doctorales, Biología y Biomedicina / Biología

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selected citations
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This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
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popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
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impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
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