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Doctoral thesis . 2018
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Estudio del papel de PGC-1a en senescencia celular y transformación tumoral

Authors: Prieto Arroyo, Ignacio;

Estudio del papel de PGC-1a en senescencia celular y transformación tumoral

Abstract

Las células tumorales tienen marcadamente reducido el metabolismo oxidativo del piruvato en el ciclo de los ácidos tricarboxílicos y producen grandes cantidades de lactato a partir de la glucosa aun en condiciones aerobias, en contraposición con las células no tumorales. Este cambio es conocido como Efecto Warburg y se produce por una bajada en la capacidad de síntesis de ATP acoplada a la actividad de la cadena de transporte de electrones y, además, se genera una mayor producción mitocondrial de especies reactivas del oxígeno en células tumorales asociada a la baja actividad del metabolismo oxidativo. PGC-1α es un coactivador transcripcional y regulador clave de la biogénesis mitocondrial, el metabolismo oxidativo y los mecanismos en respuesta al estrés oxidativo mitocondrial. Para valorar el papel de PGC-1α en el proceso de oncogénesis y analizar los posibles mecanismos implicados, se realizó un estudio in vitro en el que se replicó el proceso tumoral utilizando como modelo experimental Fibroblastos Embrionarios de Ratón. El modelo experimental consta de dos partes, en la primera se realizaron pases seriados de las células primarias hasta que estas indujeron la entrada en senescencia o la muerte celular y en la que se ha valorado el estrés oxidativo, el daño en el ADN y la inducción de marcadores de senescencia y el tiempo de inmortalización. La segunda parte del modelo se centró en estudiar las células inmortalizadas previamente en el contexto de Efecto Warburg y transformación tumoral, tanto in vitro como in vivo. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que, en ausencia de PGC-1α, se produce una mayor inestabilidad genómica asociada a la oxidación del ADN por la generación de especies reactivas del oxígeno en la mitocondria. Esta mayor inestabilidad produce una entrada prematura en senescencia y una inmortalización temprana en ausencia de PGC-1α. Cuando se analizan los cultivos celulares inmortalizados, se observa que en ausencia de PGC-1α el metabolismo celular es más glucolítico y menos oxidativo respecto a los controles. Además, la deficiencia de PGC-1α induce la biosíntesis de macromoléculas, en especial de los ácidos grasos; y el uso anaplerótico de varios sustratos metabólicos, como la glucosa y la glutamina. Estas diferencias obtenidas al estudiar su metabolismo se correlacionan con un fenotipo tumoral más agresivo. En ausencia de PGC-1α aumenta la supervivencia, la capacidad de proliferar y la migración in vitro y se generan tumores más grandes y con más células proliferativas al ser inyectados los fibroblastos inmortalizados. También, se forman más nódulos pulmonares al ser inoculados junto a células de melanoma murino. Estos resultados sugieren que PGC-1α juega un importante papel como supresor tumoral mediado por su función de regulador clave del metabolismo oxidativo y del estrés oxidativo.

Tumor cells poorly oxidize pyruvate through tricarboxylic acids cycle but produce lactate from glucose even in aerobic conditions, in opposition with normal cells. This metabolic switch is named Warburg Effect and is caused by a drop in the ATP synthesis coupled to electronic transport chain and, in addition, higher amounts of reactive oxygen species are generated in tumor cells associated with a lower oxidative metabolism. PGC-1α is a transcriptional coactivator and master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis, oxidative metabolism and oxidative stress response. To elucidate the role of PGC-1α in oncogenesis and analyze possible mechanisms involved, we carried out an in vitro assay with Mouse Embryonic Fibroblast as an experimental model. The assay is composed of two defined parts. First, we made serial passages until cultures reach cellular senescence or cell death and we analyze oxidative stress, DNA damage, induction of senescence markers and immortalization time. The second part of the assay focuses in the previous immortalized cells in the context of Warburg Effect and tumor transformation, both in vitro and in vivo. Our results show that, in absence of PGC-1α, higher genomic instability is produced and is associated with DNA oxidation by mitochondrial reactive oxygen species. Genomic instability causes a premature cellular senescence induction and earlier immortalization time in absence of PGC-1α. When immortalized cell cultures are analyzed, a more glycolytic and less oxidative metabolism is seen in fibroblast without PGC-1α. In addition, the absence of PGC-1α induces macromolecular biosynthesis, fatty acids primarily; and an anaplerotic use of different metabolic substrates, such as glucose and glutamine. These differences correlate with a more aggressive tumor phenotype. In absence of PGC-1α, survival, proliferation capacity and migration in vitro increases as well as bigger and more proliferative tumors when immortalized fibroblasts were injected in mice. Also, more lung metastases are generated when are coinoculated simultaneously with murine melanoma cells. These results suggest that PGC-1α play an important role as tumor suppressor mediated by its role as a key regulator of oxidative metabolism and oxidative stress.

Tesis doctoral inédita leída en la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Medicina. Fecha de lectura: 06-04-2018

Esta tesis tiene embargado el acceso al texto completo hasta el 06-10-2019

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Spain
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Keywords

Células cancerosas - Tesis doctorales, Biología y Biomedicina / Biología

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
Average
Green
Related to Research communities
Cancer Research