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Biblos-e Archivo
Doctoral thesis . 2016
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Estructura molecular y predicción de propiedades fisicoquímicas de líquidos iónicos

Authors: Olmo, Lourdes del;

Estructura molecular y predicción de propiedades fisicoquímicas de líquidos iónicos

Abstract

Los líquidos iónicos (LIs) son sistemas que siguen despertando un gran interés tanto desde el punto de vista científico como en sus aplicaciones. Así, debido a su baja presión de vapor, que evita las emisiones en procesos químicos, son considerados como una alternativa a los disolventes orgánicos convencionales. Estructuralmente los LIs están constituidos únicamente por iones, y existe un gran número de combinaciones posibles de iones que dan lugar a LIs con propiedades características muy diferentes. Por ello, son considerados como disolventes de diseño en el sentido de que es posible desarrollar distintos LIs con funciones específicas para cada aplicación. Este elevado número de combinaciones posibles, unido a la escasez de datos experimentales disponibles en la literatura científica, justifica la aplicación de modelos predictivos para estimar sus propiedades termofísicas. El hecho de que se trate de sistemas en fase líquida dificulta su tratamiento con los métodos convencionales desarrollados para el cálculo de la estructura molecular. En este sentido, los métodos COSMO y COSMO-RS han abierto una alternativa en la que se tiene en cuenta esta estructura a la hora de elaborar predicciones sobre su comportamiento químico y sus propiedades. En el caso del método COSMO-RS, los valores de las propiedades termofísicas de los fluidos puros y de las mezclas se pueden predecir utilizando únicamente información estructural de las moléculas. Para el trabajo teórico, los LIs pueden ser considerados a partir de dos modelos: el de pares iónicos, en el que cada par catión-anión se considera como un todo desde el punto de vista estructural, o el de iones independientes, en el que se considera como una mezcla de iones. En este trabajo se han tenido en cuenta ambos modelos para estudiar la estructura molecular de un conjunto de LIs y se han aplicado diferentes métodos para analizar su densidad electrónica. El tamaño de los sistemas hace que la aplicación de los métodos de cálculo más rigurosos sea inviable. Por este motivo, se ha encontrado un compromiso razonable entre calidad y coste del cálculo en los métodos basados en la teoría del funcional de la densidad. Con estos métodos, se han llevado a cabo cálculos de la estructura molecular de diferentes LIs y se ha analizado la influencia de esta estructura en las predicciones de sus propiedades fisicoquímicas realizadas mediante COSMO-RS. Dentro de la gran variedad de LIs, son especialmente interesantes los LIs bioderivados, entre cuyas propiedades más significativas destacan su elevada biodegradabilidad y su baja toxicidad. La parte aniónica de estos LIs es el aminoácido y la parte catiónica suele estar formada por derivados de imidazolios, aminas, pirrolidinios o fosfonios. Este trabajo se ha centrado en el estudio de algunas de sus propiedades más interesantes como son la densidad y la viscosidad. En definitiva, el objetivo de esta Tesis Doctoral ha sido el análisis de la estructura molecular de diversos LIs, y una relación con sus propiedades químicas y termofísicas, la elaboración de una metodología para predicción de éstas mediante COSMO y COSMO-RS, y validación de esta metodología por comparación con resultados disponibles en la bibliografía.

Ionic liquids (ILs) are systems which are still getting great interest from the scientific point of view, as well as in their practical applications. In particular, due to negligible vapor pressure that prevents emissions in chemical processes, these systems are considered as an alternative to conventional organic solvents. Structurally ILs are composed of ions, and there is a huge number of possible combinations of ions that result in ILs with very different properties. Therefore, they are termed designer solvents because it is possible to develop ILs with specific functions for each application. This huge number of possible combinations and the scarcity of experimental data available in the literature justifies the application of predictive models to estimate their thermophysical properties. The fact that these systems are in liquid phase makes it difficult their treatment with conventional methods developed for the calculation of molecular structure. In this regard, COSMO and COSMO-RS methods have provided an alternative which takes into account this structure to make predictions of their chemical behavior and properties. With COSMO-RS, the values of thermophysical properties of pure fluids and mixtures can be predicted using only structural information of molecules. In theoretical studies, ILs can be treated with two models: ion pairs, in which each cation-anion pair is considered as a whole from a structural point of view, or independent ions, in which the IL is considered as a mixture of ions. This work takes into account both models to study the molecular structure of a set of ILs and different methods have been used for analyzing their electron density. The size of the system makes the application of rigorous calculation methods unfeasible. For this reason, a reasonable compromise between quality and computational cost was found with methods based on the density functional theory. Molecular structure calculations for different ILs were carried out with these methods, and the influence of this structure on predictions of their physicochemical properties was analyzed by COSMO-RS. Within the wide variety of ILs, bioderived ILs are especially interesting due to their high biodegradability and low toxicity. The anionic part of these ILs is the aminoacid and the cationic part is usually formed by imidazolium, amines, pyrrolidinium or phosphonium derivatives. This work was focused on the study of some of their most interesting properties, such as density and viscosity. Finally, the goal of this Doctoral Thesis is to analyze the molecular structure of different ILs, and the relationship with their chemical and thermophysical properties, the development of a methodology for predictions of their properties using COSMO and COSMO-RS, and the validation of this methodology by comparison with results available in the literature.

Tesis Doctoral inédita leída en la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Química Física Aplicada

Country
Spain
Related Organizations
Keywords

Soluciones iónicas - Tesis doctorales, Química

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
Average
Green