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Biblos-e Archivo
Doctoral thesis . 2015
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The toxin-antitoxin εζ system: Role of ζ toxin in regulating ATP, GTP, (p)ppGpp and uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine pool to cope with stress

Authors: Tabone, Mariangela;

The toxin-antitoxin εζ system: Role of ζ toxin in regulating ATP, GTP, (p)ppGpp and uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine pool to cope with stress

Abstract

Los sistemas toxina-antitoxina están formados por dos componentes: una toxina de larga vida media y una antitoxina, con una vida media mucho más corta. Estos sistemas se encuentran en los cromosomas de las Bacterias, Archaea, en fagos y en la gran mayoría de los plásmidos de bajo número de copia. Las toxinas son proteínas que inhiben el crecimiento celular, interfieren en la replicación del ADN, la traducción, la división celular, la biosíntesis de la membrana y la síntesis de ATP. Las toxinas de la familia ζ (ζ, PezT, etc.) son una de las toxinas más extendidas en la naturaleza. En B. Subtilis concentraciones fisiológicas de la toxina ζ inducen un estado de inactividad, que puede ser revertido mediante la síntesis de novo de homodimeros de la antitoxina ε2. También lisa una pequeña fracción de las células y deja una subpoblación (del orden de 10-4) tolerante a la acción de la toxina. En esta tesis doctoral se estudió el tipo de tolerancia inducida por la toxina y la tolerancia inducida por distintos agentes antimicrobianos. Se ha demostrado que la acción combinada de la toxina ζ junto con la acción de diferentes agentes antimicrobianos (Amp, Van, Fos, Tri, Cip, Ery) no incrementa el número de células tolerantes sino que aumenta la eficacia de los agentes antimicrobianos utilizados, potenciando la muerte celular. Estos datos sugieren que hay más de una vía para inducir el estado de tolerancia. En E. coli la supresión de la enzima monofuncional RelA es necesaria para reducir la proporción de células tolerantes. Sin embargo en B. Subtilis la inactivación de la enzima bifuncional RelA, y la presencia de niveles bajos y “desregulados” de (p)ppGpp conduce a la hipertolerancia hacia la toxina y/o de los antimicrobianos. Niveles bajos o fisiológicos de (p)ppGpp (cepa silvestre, sasA-, sasB- y relA -sasA-) muestran una tolerancia normal tanto a la toxina cuanto a los agentes antimicrobianos. Niveles muy bajos (relA-sasB-) o ausentes (relA -sasB- sasA-) juntos con altos niveles de GTP potencian el efecto tanto de la toxina como de los agentes antimicrobianos, lo que hace que la tolerancia sea vulnerables a la erradicación. La reducción de los niveles de GTP revierte esto fenotipo. En experimentos in vitro se ha visto que la toxina ζ fosforila el Uracil N-acetilglucosamina (UNAG), conduciendo a la formación de un substrato no reactivo (UNAG-3P). El análisis in silico sugiere que la reacción de fosfotransferencia está desacoplada con la hidrólisis del ATP. El análisis bioquímico reveló que in vitro la toxina ζ es una ATPasa dependiente del (UNAG) y que fosforila solo una fracción de UNAG. Además, en experimentos in vivo se ha visto que la toxina ζ no agota las reservas de UNAG, porque su expresión mejora la eficacia de los inhibidores de la pared celular (Fos, Amp y Van) que actúan en las siguientes etapas de la biosíntesis del peptidoglicano. La mutagénesis de varios aminoácidos de la toxina ζ indicó que los residuos D67, E100, E116, R158 y R171 son importantes para la unión de la proteína con el UNAG, ATP y Mg++ y para su mecanismo de acción. La toxina ζ reduce la reservas de ATP y GTP, e indirectamente la síntesis de macromoléculas dejando las células metabólicamente inactivas

The toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are compact modules, usually comprising a pair of genes coding for a toxin and its cognate antitoxin. These systems are present in the chromosomes of Bacteria, Archaea, in phages and in the large majority of low copy number plasmids. Basically, toxins are proteins whose activity usually leads to the inhibition of cell proliferation by interfering with cellular processes such as DNA replication, translation, cell division, membrane biosynthesis or ATP synthesis. Toxins of the ζ family (ζ, PezT, etc.) are one the most ubiquitous in nature. In B. subtilis the expression of the ζ toxin at or near physiological concentrations induces a state of dormancy, which can be reversed by de novo synthesis of the homodimeric ε antitoxin, lyses a small fraction of cells and leaves a subpopulation (as little as 10-4) refractory or tolerant to the toxin action. Here we studied the type of dormancy induced by the toxin and by different antimicrobial agents. We show that the combined action of ζ and different antimicrobial agents (Amp, Van, Fos, Tri, Cip, Ery) does not increase the number of tolerant cells. Indeed the toxin ζ enhances the efficacy of the antimicrobial agents used and thus potentiates cell killing, suggesting that there are more than one way to induce dormancy. In E. coli deletion of monofunctional RelA is necessary to reduce the proportion of tolerant cells. Conversely in B. subtilis the deletion of the bifunctional RelA, and the presence of low uncontrolled (p)ppGpp levels leads to hypertolerance of toxin and/or of antimicrobials. Physiological or low (p)ppGpp levels (as in wild type, sasA-, sasB- and relA- sasA-) show a normal toxin and antimicrobial tolerance and lower (p)ppGpp levels (relA- sasB-) or absence of (p)ppGpp (relA- sasA- sasB-) in concert with elevated GTP levels, potentiate the efficacy of both the toxin and the antimicrobial action, rendering tolerance vulnerable to eradicate. Reduction of the GTP levels overcomes this phenotype. In vitro experiments reveal that the ζ toxin phosphorylates the Uracil-N-acetylglucosamine (UNAG), leading to unreactive UNAG- 3P. In silico analysis suggest that the phosphotransfer reaction is uncoupled to the ATP hydrolysis. Biochemical analysis reveals that in vitro ζ toxin is a strong UNAGdependent ATPase and phosphorylates only a fraction of UNAG. Indeed, in vivo experiments show that the ζ toxin does not deplete the (UNAG) pool, because expression of the ζ toxin enhances the efficacy of genuine cell wall inhibitors, which act in the following step of the peptidoglycan biosynthesises (Fos, Amp and Van). Mutagenesis of several amino acids of the ζ toxin indicated that the residues D67, E100, E116, R158 and R171 are important for the binding of the protein with the UNAG, ATP and Mg++ and for its mechanism of action. The ζ toxin reduces the nucleotide pool (ATP and GTP) and indirectly “macromolecule synthesis” rendering cells “metabolically inactive” .

Tesis doctoral inédita leída en la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Biología Molecular. Fecha de lectura: 27-10-2015

Country
Spain
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Keywords

Toxinas - Tesis doctorales, Antitoxinas - Tesis doctorales, Biología y Biomedicina / Biología

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
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