No Of particular importance in recent years has been the development of techniques for producing nanoparticles (NPs) of poorly-water soluble drugs with dimensions less than 1000 nm for which their high surface area can lead to improvements in bioavailability. Furthermore, the small size of these particles can also enable cellular uptake, particularly for positively charged systems. Therefore, an overall objective of this part of the project was to produce nanoparticles with different levels of positive surface charge using the bottom-up method.