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Epopeia e paródia na literatura grega antiga: recursos paródicos e imitação homérica na Batracomiomaquia

Authors: Fonseca, Rui Carlos Reis, 1984-;

Epopeia e paródia na literatura grega antiga: recursos paródicos e imitação homérica na Batracomiomaquia

Abstract

A paródia germina da tradição épica antiga como forma baixa que lhe é subsidiária, dela aproveitando o prestígio de género e a familiaridade dos recursos canónicos. Embora pouco conceituados na sua génese, os cantos paródicos proliferam na literatura grega, ao longo da qual adoptam diferentes configurações, mediante os géneros com que se cruzam e as variadas circunstâncias que os enquadram. Proteica e polissémica na relação subversora com a poesia homérica, a paródia torna-se indefinível no seu percurso evolutivo, constantemente aberto a múltiplas transformações. Alguns aspectos, contudo, persistem em acompanhá-la, como a justaposição de realidades antagónicas, que se traduz na incongruência entre a gravidade do estilo e a vulgarização do conteúdo. Esta polaridade de opostos, do âmbito da paródia, originou o surgimento de um novo género na cultura europeia, a poesia herói-cómica. A Batracomiomaquia alcançou tamanha celebridade na literatura grega a ponto de ter sido tomada como clímax inaugurador do género herói-cómico. Este poema, de que não se conhecem com exactidão o autor, a data, a extensão e o próprio título, recria os recursos homéricos tradicionais, que o público não teria dificuldade em reconhecer por detrás das subversões efectuadas. São deslocados do contexto épico para o paródico os temas odisseicos das viagens e da hospitalidade, bem como os temas iliádicos da guerra e do desempenho heróico. Outros aspectos da epopeia antiga, comuns às duas grandes narrativas homéricas, recebem igualmente um tratamento renovado no novo contexto: a maquinaria divina e o estilo formular. O elevado surge diminuído em estatuto quando aplicado a figuras anti-heróicas – animalejos como ratos e rãs –, ao mesmo tempo que o baixo vem magnificado, pela preeminência do modelo, os poemas de Homero.

Parody rises from the ancient epic tradition as a low and a secondary form, taking from her the prestige of gender and the familiarity of canonical resources. Although still scarcely conspicuous in its genesis, parodic songs proliferate within Greek literature, through which they adopt different shapes, crossing other genres and being framed by several circumstances. Proteic and polysemic in its subversive relationship with Homeric poetry, parody becomes indefinable throughout its evolution process, continuously open to multiple changes. Some aspects, however, follow her closely, like the juxtaposition of conflicting realities, which results in the anomaly between high style and low content. This polarity of opposites, from the scope of parody, led to the creation of a new genre in European culture, the mock-heroic poetry. The Battle of the Frogs and Mice achieved such reputation in Greek literature that it was taken as work-climax of its class, inaugurating the mock-heroic genre. This poem, whose author, dating, textual length and title are not accurately known, rebuilds the traditional Homeric resources, that the public would have no problems recognizing behind the subversive transformations performed. The Odyssey main themes concerning the journeys and the host-guest relationship are displaced from epic to parodic context, as well as the iliadic topics of warfare and heroic behavior in battle. Other epic features, shared by the two great Homeric narratives, also receive a renewed treatment in this new environment: the divine machinery and the formulaic style. The high appears diminished in status when applied to anti-heroic figures – beasts as mice and frogs –, while the low is magnified, due to the preeminence of the original model, the poems of Homer.

Tese de doutoramento, Estudos Clássicos (Literatura Grega), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Letras, 2013

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Portugal
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Keywords

Homero, 08..?-08..? a.C. - Paródias, pastiches, Batracomiomaquia, Paródia (Literatura) - História e crítica, Heróis (Literatura), Teses de doutoramento - 2013, Epopeias gregas - História e crítica, Paródia antigas - História e crítica

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
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Green