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Abordagem terapêutica no carcinoma hepatocelular

Authors: Mendes, Ana Margarida Bravo;

Abordagem terapêutica no carcinoma hepatocelular

Abstract

O carcinoma hepatocelular é o principal cancro primário do fígado, cujo desenvolvimento ocorre, maioritariamente, em contexto de cirrose hepática. Apesar da implementação de medidas preventivas e de vigilância, é expectável que o número de novos casos e mortes continue a aumentar na próxima década. A complexidade do carcinoma hepatocelular reflete ainda a dificuldade em definir uma estratégia terapêutica adequada a cada indivíduo. Contudo, existem ferramentas que permitem estabelecer um prognóstico e definir a estratégia terapêutica, em função do estadio tumoral, função hepática e estado geral do indivíduo. Na presente monografia pretende-se abordar as terapêuticas atualmente disponíveis para o tratamento do carcinoma hepatocelular, que têm vindo a alterar o paradigma terapêutico desta doença. De referir, no entanto, que o diagnóstico é geralmente realizado numa fase avançada da doença, como resultado do aparecimento tardio dos sintomas, dificultando o sucesso do tratamento. A evolução no panorama terapêutico do carcinoma hepatocelular é notória, uma vez que, atualmente, vários fármacos com diferentes mecanismos de ação estão aprovados para o tratamento do carcinoma hepatocelular em estadio avançado. Destacam-se aqui abordagens terapêuticas de primeira linha, como a associação de atezolizumab com bevacizumab, considerada a primeira opção terapêutica, durvalumab em associação com tremelimumab, sorafenib, o primeiro fármaco aprovado para o tratamento do carcinoma hepatocelular, e lenvatinib. Entre as opções terapêuticas de segunda e terceira linhas, incluem-se o regorafenib, ramucirumab e cabozantinib. Apesar dos avanços observados, as atuais opções terapêuticas disponíveis são limitadas e não alcançam os objetivos terapêuticos desejados, uma vez que se observam elevadas taxas de mortalidade. Considerando o dinamismo desta área e o facto de o carcinoma hepatocelular apresentar um dos prognósticos mais reservados, é fundamental o investimento e desenvolvimento de novos estudos e ensaios clínicos, que permitam avaliar novos potenciais regimes terapêuticos, capazes de maximizar a resposta clínica, bem como reduzir as taxas de recidiva e prolongar a sobrevivência.

Hepatocellular carcinoma is the main primary liver cancer that predominantly develops in the context of liver cirrhosis. Although preventive and surveillance measures have been implemented, it is expected that the number of new cases and deaths will continue to rise in the next decade. The complexity of hepatocellular carcinoma reflects the challenge of defining an appropriate individualized therapeutic strategy. However, there are tools available to establish a prognosis and define the therapeutic approach based on tumor burden, liver function and physical status. In this monograph, we aim at addressing the currently available therapies for hepatocellular carcinoma, which have been changing the therapeutic paradigm for this disease. It should be noted, however, that due to the late onset of symptoms, the diagnosis typically occurs in advanced stages of the disease, which increases treatment difficulties. The evolution in the therapeutic landscape of hepatocellular carcinoma is evident, as several drugs with different mechanisms of action are approved for the treatment of advanced stage hepatocellular carcinoma. There are several first-line therapeutic approaches, such as the combination of atezolizumab with bevacizumab, considered the primary treatment option, durvalumab in combination with tremelimumab, sorafenib, the first drug approved for hepatocellular carcinoma, and lenvatinib. Second and third-lines therapeutic options include regorafenib, ramucirumab and cabozantinib. Despite the advances, current available therapeutic options are limited and do not achieve the desired therapeutic goals, since high mortality rates are still observed. Considering the current research and progress in this area and the fact that hepatocellular carcinoma has one of the most reserved prognoses, it is essential to invest in and develop new studies and clinical trials, to evaluate new potential therapeutic regimens, capable of maximizing clinical response, as well as reducing recurrence rates and increasing survival.

Trabalho Final de Mestrado Integrado, Ciências Farmacêuticas, 2023, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia.

Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia; Fundação La Caixa.

Country
Portugal
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Keywords

Abordagem terapêutica, Fatores de risco, Ensaios clínicos, Mestrado Integrado - 2023, Carcinoma hepatocelular, Domínio/Área Científica::Ciências Médicas::Ciências da Saúde, Fisiopatologia

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
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