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Tecido adiposo perivascular na fisiologia e patologia cardiovascular

Authors: Dias, Iara Rafaela Lima;

Tecido adiposo perivascular na fisiologia e patologia cardiovascular

Abstract

Perivascular adipose tissue is found around most vessels and, depending on its location, it may resemble white, brown or beige adipocytes that originate from different precursors in relation to other types of adipose tissue. Under physiological conditions, this tissue is crucial in the regulation of vascular tone and inflammation, thermoregulation, and regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration. As an endocrine structure, it secretes adipokines, which are classified as anti-inflammatory or pro-inflammatory, and the balance between them determines the risk of developing vascular inflammation. In situations of chronic caloric excess, such as obesity, perivascular adipocytes undergo pathological expansion, enhancing the development of hypoxia, inflammation, and oxidative stress, with consequent dysfunction of adipose tissue. The loss of the anti-contractile effect exerted by the perivascular adipose tissue, due to a low degree of chronic inflammation and macrophage infiltration, increases the risk of developing hypertension. A dysfunctional perivascular adipose tissue comprises increased secretion of pro-inflammatory adipokines, promoting endothelial dysfunction, infiltration of immune cells and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells, thus contributing to the development of atherosclerosis. The progression of this pathology and the rupture of atheromatous plaques increase the risk of obstructive cardiovascular events such as stroke and acute myocardial infarction. Currently, several pharmacological approaches, such as the use of antibodies, statins and thiazolidinediones, have been explored in the treatment of dysfunctional PVAT, aiming to improve quality of life and reduce mortality.

O tecido adiposo perivascular (TAPV) encontra-se em redor da maioria dos vasos e, consoante a sua localização, pode ser constituído por células semelhantes às células adiposas brancas, castanhas ou bege. Em condições fisiológicas, o TAPV é fundamental na regulação do tónus e da inflamação vasculares, da termorregulação, da regulação da proliferação e migração de células do músculo liso vascular. Enquanto estrutura endócrina o TAPV secreta adipocinas, que se classificam em anti-inflamatórias e pró-inflamatórias, sendo o balanço entre ambas determina o risco de desenvolvimento de inflamação vascular. Em situações de excesso calórico crónico como na obesidade, os adipócitos perivasculares sofrem expansão patológica, potenciando o surgimento de hipoxia, inflamação e de stress oxidativo, com consequente disfunção. A perda do efeito anti-contrátil exercido pelo TAPV, devida a um baixo grau de inflamação crónica e infiltração de macrófagos, aumenta o risco de desenvolvimento de hipertensão. Um tecido adiposo perivascular disfuncional apresenta uma secreção aumentada de adipocinas pró-inflamatórias, promovendo a disfunção endotelial, infiltração de células imunitárias e migração de células de musculo liso vascular, contribuindo para o desenvolvimento de aterosclerose. A progressão desta patologia e a rutura das placas de ateroma aumenta o risco de eventos cardiovasculares obstrutivos como o acidente vascular cerebral e o enfarte agudo do miocárdio. Atualmente diversas abordagens farmacológicas, como a utilização de anticorpos, estatinas e tiazolidinedionas, têm vindo a ser exploradas no tratamento do TAPV disfuncional, visando melhorar a qualidade de vida e reduzir a mortalidade.

Trabalho Final de Mestrado Integrado, Ciências Farmacêuticas, 2022, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia.

Country
Portugal
Related Organizations
Keywords

Ciências da Saúde, Obesidade, Aterosclerose, Mestrado integrado - 2022, Tecido adiposo perivascular, Adipocinas, Hipertensão

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
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