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Diagnóstico e seguimento da diabetes gestacional

Authors: Martins, Carolina Sofia de Sousa Pinheiro dos Santos;

Diagnóstico e seguimento da diabetes gestacional

Abstract

A Diabetes Gestacional (DG) é uma das doenças mais comuns desenvolvidas durante a gravidez, estando descrita há mais de 50 anos. É caracterizada essencialmente pelo aumento dos níveis de glucose no sangue, potenciado pelo aumento de hormonas da gravidez, associadas a uma desregulação patológica de vários sistemas de órgãos. Apesar desta doença se resolver normalmente após o parto, a sua prevalência tem vindo a aumentar ao longo dos anos, aumentando, assim, a morbilidade para outras doenças, como a Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2. O diagnóstico da DG passa pela avaliação da glicémia em jejum em todas as grávidas no início da gravidez. Caso os valores estejam normais, realiza-se uma prova de tolerância oral à glucose (PTOG) entre as 24 e 28 semanas de gestação. Se nessa altura os valores forem superiores aos valores de referência, deve iniciar-se educação alimentar e comportamental, e, se necessário, uma abordagem terapêutica. As complicações da DG a longo prazo, tanto para a mãe como para a criança, podem ser ou não evitáveis: mesmo assim, a adoção de medidas preventivas durante a gestação, recorrendo à terapêutica farmacológica ou não farmacológica, minimizam os seus efeitos. No mesmo sentido, a vigilância antes do parto, tanto glicémica como obstétrica, feita por uma equipa multidisciplinar, torna-se fundamental na monitorização da DG e na avaliação da necessidade de implementar medidas farmacológicas. A gravidez não deve ultrapassar as 39 semanas, e o trabalho de parto, espontâneo ou induzido, com preferência para a via vaginal, deve evoluir sob monitorização fetal contínua. O controlo glicémico continua a dever estar bastante presente, recorrendo-se a infusões de insulina ou dextrose conforme necessário. Passadas 6 a 8 semanas pós-parto, deve-se fazer uma reavaliação da DG e, caso os valores estejam normais, deve-se proceder a um controlo anual da glicémia plasmática em jejum. A longo prazo, é importante estabelecer uma ligação com os vários profissionais de saúde, para que o seguimento e monitorização da mãe e criança continue a ser feito.

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is one of the most common pregnancy-related disorders, being described for over 50 years. The disease is characterized essentially by the increase of blood glucose levels, powered by the increase of pregnancy hormones, associated with a pathologic organ system dysregulation. Even though it can be resolved after labour, its prevalence is skyrocketing throughout the years, raising the morbidity for other diseases, such as type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. GDM diagnosis consists of a fasting glucose levels evaluation, performed in all pregnant women in the beginning of their pregnancy. In case the values are normal, the patient should be subjected to an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) between 24 and 28 weeks of gestation. If, at that time, the values are higher than the reference values, nutritional and behaviour education regarding the disease should be initiated, followed by a therapeutic approach if necessary. The mother and child long term GDM complications may or may not be avoidable: even so, the adoption of both pharmacological and/or non-pharmacological therapy measures minimizes its effects. In the same line of thought, antepartum vigilance, both obstetric and glycaemic, carried out by a multidisciplinary team, becomes fundamental in the monitoring of GDM and in the assessment of the need to implement pharmacological options. Pregnancy gestational time must not exceed 39 weeks, and labour, either spontaneous or induced, with preference for the vaginal route, must progress only under continuous foetal monitoring. Glycaemic control should continue to be present, resorting to insulin or dextrose infusions whenever necessary. After 6 to 8 weeks post-delivery, a revaluation of GDM should be carried out, and if the values are normal, an annual fasting glucose levels control should be fulfilled. In the long term, it is important to establish a link between the patient and the various health professionals, so that the follow-up and vigilance of the mother and child continues to be done.

Trabalho Final de Mestrado Integrado, Ciências Farmacêuticas, 2022, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia.

Country
Portugal
Related Organizations
Keywords

Diabetes gestacional, Vigilância, Ciências da Saúde, Diagnóstico, Mestrado integrado - 2022, Gravidez, Hiperglicemia

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
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