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O problema da aplicabilidade

Authors: Laranjinha, Francisco Caetano da Silva;

O problema da aplicabilidade

Abstract

O problema filosófico da aplicabilidade da matemática a fenómenos empíricos é um problema filosófico ainda central e atual na filosofia da ciência e da matemática. Quando se investiga o tópico da aplicabilidade da matemática nas ciências empíricas, procura-se perceber como é que entidades matemáticas abstratas (números, equações, integrais) conseguem descrever com sucesso entidades físicas e fenómenos empíricos como corpos, ou movimentos de sistemas corpóreos? Se, além disso, notarmos que é possível haver mais do que um formalismo matemático a ser aplicado de forma bem-sucedida ao mesmo fenómeno empírico o problema da aplicabilidade torna-se ainda mais estranho porque, se considerarmos que a natureza é una e que o propósito da ciência é desvendar os mistérios que a natureza esconde, dito de outra forma, se defendermos alguma forma de realismo científico, torna-se relevante perceber o tipo de compromisso ontológico a fazer com as entidades que figuram nas nossas melhores teorias científicas. Ou seja, é preciso analisar as nossas melhores teorias científicas para perceber qual dos formalismos matemáticos por elas usados se aplica fundamentalmente melhor à realidade empírica. Estas duas perguntas estão intimamente ligadas porque o problema da aplicabilidade é, na realidade, um problema de cariz ontológico. Nesta tese analisou-se duas explicações para o movimento do pêndulo através de dois formalismos matematicamente equivalentes e, ao fazê-lo, conclui-se que a existência de dois formalismos matematicamente equivalentes para o tratamento do movimento do pêndulo levanta um grave dilema se houver necessidade de escolher o formalismo que fornece a melhor explicação para o movimento do pêndulo. O critério para essa escolha, se os formalismos forem, de facto, matematicamente equivalentes, não poderá ser um critério exclusivamente matemático. Para se poder encontrar esse critério analisou-se passo a passo a aplicação matemática feita em cada um dos formalismos. Ao fazê-lo, argumenta-se que o formalismo Lagrangeano, apesar de ser matematicamente equivalente ao formalismo Newtoniano, é melhor porque se baseia em princípios de conservação de energia.

The philosophical problem of the applicability of mathematics to empirical phenomena is a philosophical problem that is still central and current in the philosophy of science and mathematics. When investigating the topic of the applicability of mathematics in the empirical sciences, one seeks to understand how abstract mathematical entities (numbers, equations, integrals) can successfully describe physical entities and empirical phenomena such as bodies, or movements of body systems? If, furthermore, we note that it is possible to exist more than one mathematical formalism successfully applied to the same empirical phenomenon, the problem of applicability becomes even stranger because, if we consider that nature is one and that the purpose of science is to unravel the mysteries that nature hides, in other words, if we defend some form of scientific realism, it becomes relevant to understand the type of ontological commitment to make with the entities that figure in our best scientific theories. In other words, it is necessary to analyze our best scientific theories to understand which of the mathematical formalisms they use applies fundamentally better to empirical reality. These two questions are closely linked because the problem of applicability is, in fact, an ontological problem. In this thesis, two explanations for the pendulum movement were analyzed through two mathematically equivalent formalisms and, in doing so, it was concluded that the existence of two mathematically equivalent formalisms for the treatment of the pendulum movement raises a serious dilemma if there is a need to choose the formalism that provides the best explanation for the pendulum's motion. The criterion for this choice, if the formalisms are, in fact, mathematically equivalent, cannot be an exclusively mathematical criterion. To find this criterion, the mathematical application made in each of the formalisms was analyzed step by step. In doing so, it is argued that the Lagrangian formalism, despite being mathematically equivalent to the Newtonian formalism, is better than the Newtonian because it is based on conservation of energy principles.

Tese de mestrado, História e Filosofia das Ciências , 2022, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências

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Portugal
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Keywords

Argumento da indispensabilidade, Teses de mestrado - 2023, Departamento de História e Filosofia das Ciências, Aplicabilidade da Matemática, Princípios de conservação de energia, Mecânica, Inferência à melhor explicação

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
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